Pacific Flyway Data Book, 2025

Migratory Game Bird Monitoring: Estimates of Abundance, Harvest, and Hunter Activity

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Division of Migratory Bird Management
Pacific Flyway Office
http://www.pacificflyway.gov

11 September 2025

Introduction

The following abundance, harvest, and hunter activity data have been assembled for use by State and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) personnel in formulating recommendations for migratory bird hunting seasons in the Pacific Flyway. This collection of information can also serve as a desk-top reference for providing responses to inquiries from agency personnel, the media, and the public.

These data represent an extraordinary collaborative effort by many individuals from State, Federal, and other organizations. Thank you to all cooperators who have contributed toward this significant effort.

Some migratory bird surveys were not conducted in 2020 and 2021 because of the coronavirus pandemic. Consequently, some tables are missing data from these years as a result of no surveys being conducted.

Please note that abundance estimates are indices to abundance and not absolute population size. Abundance indices are either counts or estimates of a proportion of a population. The indices provide a measure of the relative abundance of a population over time.

Data Tables
Each data table represents a data asset and is uniquely numbered for ease of reference. See the table of contents for a list of available data tables. The data table number is the appropriate reference number for any figure or table produced for a data asset, particularly for questions and the supporting data. The sequential numbers assigned to each table and figure in this document is of no significance for reference and may change with each document update.

Document Navigation
There is an interactive table of contents to facilitate quickly locating data of interest. Data tables are organized into sections, each with a data type theme (e.g., abundance, harvest). Click on the section heading to expand the table of contents and see available data tables. Click on the primary heading or Introduction section in the table of contents to collapse all sections.

Time Series Statistics
Time series statistics are provided in a table for the primary monitoring data included in graphs. Missing values in the time series statistics table means that the statistic is not estimable. In these cases, missing values were used rather than “N/A” for aesthetics in the statistics table.

Figure and Data Access
Any figure in this document can be copied with a right mouse click over the figure of interest and then selecting “Copy image” or “Save image as.” Also, all data and figures in this report may be downloaded for use from an online portal. Each table and figure is referenced by the data table number it is associated with. Contact the Pacific Flyway Office for the URL of the online portal.

Technical Details
This report provides original data and calculations in support of cooperative Pacific Flyway Council and USFWS harvest strategy assessments and to help inform harvest management decisions for all migratory game bird populations. See the Pacific Flyway Council’s website for migratory game bird population management plans (http://www.pacificflyway.gov/management.asp). Unless otherwise noted, harvest management prescriptions apply to the hunting season starting the year after the title year of this data book so long as the data in the respective data table are current through the title year.

Original data are provided by the USFWS Headquarters Migratory Bird Program, USFWS Alaska Region, USFWS Mountain-Prairie Region, and the States. In some cases, Pacific Flyway Council management indices are derived from these data to help inform harvest management decisions. We note the original source of data before each data table and note how any management indices are calculated. The original data are generally included in annual USFWS and State population status and harvest reports and survey memos. Any use of the data should be by permission of the agency or agencies that provided the data (see Suggested Citations, below).

VCF and Fall Projection Estimates
A visibility correction factor (VCF; or fall projection adjustment factor) is applied to survey data for dusky Canada geese, cackling (minima) cackling geese, and Pacific white-fronted geese based on models fit to the data. Similarly, percent Ross’s geese in the California white goose survey is calculated based on a fitted model. Documentation of how these models were fit and estimates derived are in separate documents and available upon request of the USFWS Pacific Flyway Representative’s Office.

Missing Data and Moving 3-year Averages
Missing data from all or part of a survey year results in no management indices being calculated for that year. The only exception is for the winter counts including snow geese (so long as there are counts in at least California and Skagit-Fraser River Delta areas), brant (so long as there are counts in North America and Mexico), and tundra swans (so long as there are counts in the U.S. Atlantic and Mississippi flyways and Ontario, Canada). The total winter count is interpreted as the minimum known population size with no variance.

Moving 3-year averages are calculated as the 3 most recent available abundance estimates, and is an ad hoc way of reducing annual observation variance in survey estimates.

Suggested Citations
Any use or reference to the data provided in this report should be cited accordingly. Please contact the appropriate State or Federal representative for survey and citation information. State and Federal representatives contact information may be found on the Pacific Flyway Council’s website at http://www.pacificflyway.gov/contacts.asp.

Pacific Flyway Data Book:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2025. Pacific Flyway Data Book, 2025. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Pacific Flyway Office, Washington D.C.

USFWS Alaska Region:
Frost, C. J., D. E. Safine, J. B. Fischer, and E. E. Osnas. 2025. Alaska Goose, Swan, and Crane Population Indices. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage. https://doi.org/10.7944/mxfs-0y52

Abundance (Primary Data)

Data Table 1: Brant, Pacific (fall)

Original data source: Brant Fall Photographic Survey at Izembek Lagoon, AK; USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are abundance (Estimate) and standard error (SE) of brant in fall. Also provided are the number of replicate surveys (Reps) and abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 1. Pacific brant abundance in fall, 2017-2024.

Year	Estimate	SE	Reps	M3yr	M3yr.SE
2017	377,029	96,602	3	NA	NA
2018	227,450	37,501	3	NA	NA
2019	272,468	57,500	2	292,316	68,422
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	201,576	53,760	5	233,831	50,341
2023	245,074	69,703	3	239,706	60,704
2024	188,820	50,101	4	211,823	58,477

Figure 1: Pacific brant abundance in fall. Circles are annual estimates with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective. The red dashed reference lines represent threshold values in the harvest strategy decision and the red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	188,820	50,101	90,622	287,018
3-year indexa	211,823	58,477	97,208	326,439
LTA	264,719
Objective	322,000
% change from LTA	-29
% change from obj	-34
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total brant in fall.

Management thresholds:
>293,000 Liberal
>243,000 Moderate
≥102,000 Restrictive
Closed

If the population declines to a level which prescribes a closed season, a restrictive hunting season may not resume until the 3-year average population index exceeds 112,000 brant.

Management prescription: Restrictive.

Note that the management prescription applies to the 2025 hunting season.

Regulatory alternatives:
Liberal
AK: 107 days and 4-bird bag, Sep 1-Jan 26
WA: 37 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Jan 31
OR: 37 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Dec 15
CA: 37 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Dec 15
Moderate
AK: 107 days and 2-bird bag, Sep 1-Jan 26
WA: 27 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Jan 31
OR: 27 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Dec 15
CA: 27 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Dec 15
Restrictive
AK: 51 days and 2-bird bag, Sep 1-Jan 26
WA: 16 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Jan 31
OR: 16 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Dec 15
CA: 16 days and 2-bird bag, Saturday closest to Sep 24-Dec 15
Closed

Data Table 2: Cackling Goose, Aleutian

Original data source: Pacific Flyway Cooperative Aleutian Cackling Goose Mark-resight Survey; California, Oregon, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office. Data maintained by USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance (Estimate) and standard error (SE) of Aleutian cackling geese from direct counts (1975–1995) and from estimation using mark-resight methods (1996–2024; closed-robust design model). Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE). Mark-resight abundance estimates may change with each annual data update because they are based on model fit to the full time series of mark-resight data.

Table 2. Aleutian Cackling goose abundance in winter, 1975-2025.

Year	Estimate	SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE	Method
1975	790	NA	NA	NA	Direct count
1976	900	NA	NA	NA	Direct count
1977	1,280	NA	990	NA	Direct count
1978	1,500	NA	1,227	NA	Direct count
1979	1,590	NA	1,457	NA	Direct count
1980	1,740	NA	1,610	NA	Direct count
1981	2,000	NA	1,777	NA	Direct count
1982	2,700	NA	2,147	NA	Direct count
1983	3,500	NA	2,733	NA	Direct count
1984	3,800	NA	3,333	NA	Direct count
1985	4,200	NA	3,833	NA	Direct count
1986	4,300	NA	4,100	NA	Direct count
1987	5,000	NA	4,500	NA	Direct count
1988	5,400	NA	4,900	NA	Direct count
1989	5,800	NA	5,400	NA	Direct count
1990	6,300	NA	5,833	NA	Direct count
1991	7,000	NA	6,367	NA	Direct count
1992	7,680	NA	6,993	NA	Direct count
1993	11,680	NA	8,787	NA	Direct count
1994	15,700	NA	11,687	NA	Direct count
1995	19,150	NA	15,510	NA	Direct count
1996	15,451	558	16,767	NA	Mark-resight
1997	20,394	763	18,332	NA	Mark-resight
1998	32,453	1,071	22,766	825	Mark-resight
1999	35,551	3,122	29,466	1,956	Mark-resight
2000	34,278	1,347	34,094	2,058	Mark-resight
2001	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2002	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2003	72,856	2,711	47,561	2,511	Mark-resight
2004	110,732	4,299	72,622	3,036	Mark-resight
2005	87,155	4,558	90,248	3,941	Mark-resight
2006	100,262	4,532	99,383	4,465	Mark-resight
2007	107,634	7,585	98,350	5,740	Mark-resight
2008	112,621	6,782	106,839	6,431	Mark-resight
2009	84,489	11,913	101,581	9,045	Mark-resight
2010	106,871	8,467	101,327	9,302	Mark-resight
2011	101,650	7,009	97,670	9,358	Mark-resight
2012	132,735	10,071	113,752	8,607	Mark-resight
2013	162,465	14,689	132,283	11,050	Mark-resight
2014	150,452	13,084	148,551	12,759	Mark-resight
2015	209,572	18,273	174,163	15,501	Mark-resight
2016	154,381	13,140	171,468	15,031	Mark-resight
2017	164,036	17,991	175,996	16,636	Mark-resight
2018	169,665	14,566	162,694	15,368	Mark-resight
2019	193,086	25,627	175,596	19,938	Mark-resight
2020	122,042	12,053	161,598	18,386	Mark-resight
2021	173,830	16,117	162,986	18,813	Mark-resight
2022	232,462	28,354	176,111	20,075	Mark-resight
2023	186,439	33,124	197,577	26,838	Mark-resight
2024	160,855	22,858	193,252	28,423	Mark-resight
2025	204,576	38,341	183,957	32,092	Mark-resight

Figure 2: Aleutian cackling goose abundance in winter. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	204,576	38,341	129,428	279,724
3-year indexa	183,957	32,092	121,056	246,857
LTA	69,717
Objective	60,000
% change from LTA	193
% change from obj	241
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total Aleutian cackling geese in winter.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 3: Cackling Goose, Cackling (minima)

Original data source: Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office coordinated mark-resight program; USFWS Alaska Region, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of cackling (minima) cackling geese from mark-resight methods (Markresight) in fall, Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey in spring (Total), and projected fall (Fall) abundance from the spring estimate. Spring abundance is projected to fall abundance via a fixed correction factor (estimate = 3.4225, SE = 0.1616) for visibility bias. Also provided are the projected fall abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 3. Cackling (minima) cackling goose abundance in spring and fall, 1985-2025.

Year	Markresight	Total	Total.SE	Fall	Fall.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1985	NA	17,923	1,272	61,341	5,230	NA	NA
1986	NA	15,892	987	54,389	4,244	NA	NA
1987	NA	17,251	1,129	59,041	4,766	58,257	4,764
1988	NA	23,310	1,328	79,777	5,906	64,402	5,020
1989	92,062	24,360	1,302	83,370	5,946	74,062	5,566
1990	94,237	30,491	1,808	104,355	7,913	89,167	6,654
1991	148,628	28,488	1,628	97,500	7,230	95,075	7,077
1992	149,542	43,054	2,152	147,351	10,132	116,402	8,516
1993	184,844	44,144	1,960	151,080	9,794	131,977	9,144
1994	198,558	61,794	2,383	211,488	12,891	169,973	11,027
1995	202,969	67,115	2,838	229,698	14,559	197,422	12,571
1996	193,531	71,906	3,606	246,094	16,953	229,093	14,895
1997	256,715	83,797	3,257	286,793	17,538	254,195	16,401
1998	215,644	60,633	2,954	207,515	14,080	246,801	16,261
1999	306,065	67,081	3,216	229,582	15,449	241,297	15,753
2000	273,108	70,341	2,997	240,739	15,310	225,945	14,959
2001	206,249	73,931	3,484	253,026	16,882	241,115	15,896
2002	177,794	47,306	2,024	161,904	10,317	218,556	14,443
2003	251,594	68,492	3,206	234,412	15,588	216,447	14,542
2004	NA	50,578	2,378	173,103	11,535	189,806	12,682
2005	NA	63,358	2,882	216,839	14,219	208,118	13,883
2006	NA	69,338	2,970	237,305	15,129	209,082	13,713
2007	NA	73,984	3,014	253,206	15,790	235,783	15,059
2008	NA	83,645	3,700	286,271	18,522	258,928	16,546
2009	NA	66,414	2,511	227,301	13,748	255,593	16,139
2010	NA	81,013	4,566	277,264	20,391	263,612	17,775
2011	242,467	52,965	1,920	181,272	10,789	228,612	15,505
2012	272,493	59,534	2,824	203,751	13,638	220,762	15,473
2013	259,323	91,708	5,056	313,867	22,788	232,963	16,550
2014	NA	81,963	4,364	280,515	19,967	266,045	19,183
2015	NA	104,290	5,507	356,928	25,288	317,104	22,785
2016	NA	94,028	3,656	321,805	19,682	319,750	21,799
2017	NA	82,113	3,296	281,029	17,415	319,921	21,057
2018	NA	58,083	2,550	198,788	12,817	267,207	16,882
2019	NA	58,606	2,644	200,576	13,099	226,798	14,596
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	58,049	2,811	198,671	13,438	199,345	13,120
2022	NA	67,146	3,328	229,805	15,735	209,684	14,139
2023	NA	44,961	2,272	153,877	10,644	194,118	13,434
2024	NA	36,258	1,677	124,093	8,202	169,258	11,946
2025	NA	36,339	1,712	124,369	8,297	134,113	9,118

Figure 3: Cackling (minima) cackling goose abundance in fall. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective. The red dashed reference lines represent threshold values in the harvest strategy decision and the red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	124,369	8,297	108,107	140,631
3-year indexa	134,113	9,118	116,242	151,984
LTA	201,429
Objective	250,000
% change from LTA	-38
% change from obj	-46
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Minima cackling geese projected in fall.

Management thresholds:
>275,000 Liberal
≥225,000 Standard
≥80,000 Restrictive
Closed

Management prescription: Restrictive.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

After a closure and when the population increases above a 3-year average index of 110,000, limited hunting may be considered.

Data Table 4: Cackling Goose, Taverner’s

Original data source: Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey, Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey strata in Alaska (i.e., strata 9–11), and Arctic Coastal Plain Survey; USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of Taverner’s cackling geese in spring by survey and area including Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey (YKDCZ), Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS; strata 9–11), and Arctic Coastal Plain Survey (ACP). Also provided are the total (Total) abundance and total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 4. Taverner's cackling goose abundance in spring, 1985-2025.

Year	YKDCZ	YKDCZ.SE	WPBHS9	WPBHS9.SE	WPBHS10	WPBHS10.SE	WPBHS11	WPBHS11.SE	ACP	ACP.SE	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1985	3,798	1,789	16,035	2,822	7,700	5,698	15,047	4,825	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1986	2,288	586	17,774	1,693	8,112	7,233	9,474	3,018	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1987	4,514	957	22,218	7,319	5,225	2,543	4,570	1,412	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1988	8,551	1,633	14,973	2,036	4,812	810	17,945	4,360	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1989	8,567	1,387	23,280	2,927	3,850	2,058	11,146	2,059	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1990	7,812	1,862	25,405	2,201	3,575	1,367	9,697	2,145	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1991	7,070	1,203	26,951	4,544	5,912	1,784	30,762	22,758	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1992	7,714	1,592	23,763	2,877	11,550	5,365	15,381	6,095	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1993	8,461	2,096	19,126	3,378	5,362	2,333	9,920	1,400	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1994	7,003	1,406	24,922	3,687	5,225	2,367	13,486	4,814	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1995	6,488	1,713	19,996	2,697	3,300	2,664	8,805	5,081	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1996	6,598	1,293	25,792	5,057	6,600	4,718	14,155	6,249	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1997	6,351	1,052	20,092	2,270	6,050	1,881	15,827	5,227	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1998	10,350	1,277	21,155	3,859	5,638	1,474	12,929	2,847	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1999	12,920	2,204	17,678	2,925	3,988	2,524	13,709	4,336	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2000	9,709	2,597	12,600	2,042	3,850	778	13,152	7,027	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2001	7,706	1,529	14,669	1,980	4,125	2,447	20,954	13,369	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2002	5,982	1,100	13,353	2,584	6,738	2,987	9,362	742	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2003	9,075	1,869	17,114	2,974	6,600	1,420	10,811	3,017	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2004	7,825	2,928	12,882	1,840	5,225	2,318	6,910	2,328	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2005	7,248	2,272	14,199	1,994	3,162	1,354	10,477	4,372	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2006	9,510	1,983	15,515	2,220	4,950	651	8,136	1,833	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2007	5,848	1,691	10,155	1,700	5,225	493	7,356	2,472	27,175	5,263	55,760	6,309	NA	NA
2008	10,572	2,037	21,627	8,864	8,388	3,441	6,019	1,631	5,013	714	51,619	9,886	NA	NA
2009	7,697	1,698	9,967	1,783	4,950	2,178	6,465	1,099	19,847	2,989	48,926	4,577	52,102	7,268
2010	9,135	2,112	18,148	1,145	5,500	2,069	7,802	2,090	16,345	3,052	56,930	4,872	52,492	6,890
2011	5,911	1,210	11,942	1,738	2,750	986	5,573	1,090	9,699	1,679	35,875	3,076	47,244	4,249
2012	9,069	3,598	9,967	2,128	4,675	1,042	7,914	1,143	14,670	2,788	46,295	5,258	46,367	4,503
2013	9,345	2,517	5,360	1,738	3,025	369	5,684	1,683	3,714	660	27,128	3,572	36,433	4,077
2014	13,148	4,921	6,488	2,923	8,662	3,655	6,910	1,094	7,312	1,153	42,521	6,975	38,648	5,448
2015	19,964	5,704	6,137	1,854	2,727	289	4,681	2,801	8,393	1,138	41,903	6,723	37,184	5,961
2016	8,042	2,095	12,224	3,506	6,875	1,605	6,688	2,729	16,537	2,325	50,366	5,667	44,930	6,480
2017	9,302	3,715	7,242	1,332	11,412	4,717	3,009	636	15,476	3,527	46,442	7,118	46,237	6,532
2018	15,633	4,949	6,958	2,966	7,700	1,506	4,458	1,851	9,865	1,584	44,615	6,442	47,141	6,436
2019	11,231	3,331	9,497	3,294	5,775	1,077	3,009	854	13,214	1,564	42,726	5,127	44,594	6,283
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	21,782	8,676	5,642	1,236	5,133	2,567	3,790	1,379	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	11,695	4,586	9,027	3,532	2,750	986	4,012	1,216	18,746	2,671	46,230	6,565	44,524	6,079
2023	8,191	1,937	2,633	1,250	4,950	1,678	4,681	3,021	9,240	1,181	29,695	4,318	39,551	5,417
2024	6,596	2,156	5,266	1,125	6,600	3,082	4,377	1,815	15,453	2,264	38,293	4,882	38,073	5,341
2025	5,756	1,781	7,146	3,919	3,300	952	2,229	759	15,184	2,303	33,616	5,031	33,868	4,754

Figure 4: Taverner’s cackling goose abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	33,616	5,031	23,754	43,477
3-year indexa	33,868	4,754	24,551	43,185
LTA	44,083
Objective
% change from LTA	-24
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total Taverner’s cackling geese in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 5: Canada Goose, Dusky

Original data source: Copper River Delta Survey and Middleton Island Survey; USFWS Alaska Region and Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of dusky Canada geese in spring by social group including breeding, total, and flocked birds (Breeding, Total, Flocked). Also provided are the total birds on Middleton Island (Middleton). Breeding birds are expanded by a fixed correction factor (estimate = 3.3416, SE = 0.3244) for visibility bias, which are then added to the flocked and Middleton Island estimates to derive adjusted total (Adjtotal) dusky Canada geese. Additionally provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 5. Dusky Canada goose abundance in spring, 1986-2025.

Year	Breeding	Breeding.SE	Total	Total.SE	Flocked	Flocked.SE	Middleton	Middleton.SE	Adjtotal	Adjtotal.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1986	4,735	676	5,416	646	680	573	80	0	16,584	2,799	NA	NA
1987	4,048	372	5,205	451	1,156	297	84	0	14,769	1,836	NA	NA
1988	4,281	217	4,935	257	654	108	90	0	15,051	1,572	15,468	2,135
1989	4,389	249	6,582	464	2,194	312	75	0	16,934	1,680	15,584	1,699
1990	4,220	367	5,209	526	989	291	93	0	15,183	1,865	15,723	1,710
1991	2,739	266	3,620	322	881	168	249	0	10,283	1,270	14,133	1,624
1992	4,156	219	6,378	634	2,223	564	473	0	16,582	1,637	14,016	1,609
1993	3,715	195	6,004	370	2,289	357	473	0	15,176	1,416	14,014	1,449
1994	3,852	188	5,454	331	1,602	239	473	0	14,946	1,420	15,568	1,494
1995	3,364	127	3,709	170	346	67	473	0	12,059	1,174	14,060	1,342
1996	2,910	104	3,514	157	604	85	1,497	0	11,824	1,010	12,943	1,213
1997	3,386	99	4,126	152	740	101	1,168	0	13,222	1,152	12,368	1,114
1998	3,691	166	5,066	284	1,375	199	1,168	0	14,877	1,336	13,308	1,174
1999	2,649	118	3,091	152	442	72	1,168	0	10,462	949	12,854	1,156
2000	2,523	107	3,016	126	493	67	1,309	0	10,233	896	11,857	1,078
2001	2,859	119	3,249	137	390	63	1,309	0	11,252	1,012	10,649	954
2002	3,152	126	4,058	204	906	137	1,416	0	12,856	1,115	11,447	1,012
2003	2,321	92	3,254	167	932	110	1,416	0	10,105	822	11,404	991
2004	2,822	128	3,243	158	420	69	1,499	0	11,350	1,013	11,437	991
2005	4,199	276	5,582	444	1,382	251	1,499	0	16,914	1,666	12,790	1,222
2006	2,771	135	3,198	155	427	87	1,453	0	11,139	1,010	13,134	1,268
2007	2,557	117	2,991	141	434	53	1,453	0	10,431	919	12,828	1,244
2008	2,333	104	2,617	115	285	43	1,317	0	9,396	834	10,322	924
2009	1,555	73	1,819	121	264	82	1,317	0	6,778	566	8,869	788
2010	2,316	95	2,703	134	387	67	1,249	0	9,374	818	8,516	750
2011	2,846	139	3,684	242	838	140	1,249	0	11,597	1,044	9,250	833
2012	3,338	150	3,913	203	575	81	1,193	0	12,922	1,197	11,298	1,031
2013	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2014	3,522	197	4,551	258	1,029	147	1,780	0	14,579	1,329	13,032	1,195
2015	4,230	220	6,096	429	1,866	334	2,112	223	18,113	1,610	15,204	1,389
2016	3,516	236	4,087	282	570	111	3,536	449	15,856	1,464	16,182	1,472
2017	3,014	186	3,579	234	565	164	2,288	308	12,924	1,211	15,631	1,438
2018	2,299	118	3,234	225	935	178	3,414	510	12,030	1,003	13,603	1,240
2019	3,304	253	6,905	2,028	3,601	1,999	3,414	510	18,055	2,476	14,336	1,693
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	2,902	152	3,353	191	451	71	1,913	365	12,060	1,134	14,049	1,675
2022	2,870	149	3,712	234	842	140	1,913	365	12,346	1,127	14,154	1,701
2023	2,167	142	2,974	251	807	182	1,570	116	9,618	876	11,341	1,052
2024	1,764	101	2,448	195	684	126	1,570	116	8,150	688	10,038	915
2025	2,664	161	3,985	270	1,321	207	1,574	128	11,797	1,048	9,855	883

Figure 5: Dusky Canada goose abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective. The red dashed reference line is a restriction threshold in the harvest strategy decision and the red reference line is the severe restriction threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	11,797	1,048	9,743	13,852
3-year indexa	9,855	883	8,125	11,585
LTA	12,866
Objective	20,000
% change from LTA	-8
% change from obj	-51
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total dusky Canada geese in spring.

Management thresholds:
≥7,500 Standard
≥5,000 Restrictive
Very Restrictive

Management prescription: Standard.

Note that the Very Restrictive alternative is prescribed if the dusky Canada goose index is less than 5,000 geese in any year.

Regulatory alternatives:
Oregon and Washington Permit Zones
Standard
Closed season for dusky Canada geese
Restrictive
Additional restrictions, including the closure of all Canada goose hunting, will be considered
Very Restrictive
Oregon and Washington will implement regulations to ensure the hunting of Canada and cackling geese occurs only on or over agricultural fields or pastures with crops or forage that may be damaged by geese. Standard seasons for harvest of Canada and cackling geese other than dusky Canada geese in the permit zones may resume when the dusky Canada goose population (based on the 3-year average index) exceeds 10,000 geese

Alaska (GMU 6A-6D)
Standard
4 dusky Canada geese daily bag limit
Restrictive
2 dusky Canada geese daily bag limit
Very Restrictive
Closed season for dusky Canada geese, open to other Canada geese by permit only

Data Table 6: Canada Goose, Lesser

Original data source: Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) strata in Alaska (i.e., strata 1–4, 12); USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of lesser Canada geese in spring by area (WBPHS strata 1-4, 12) and in total. Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 6. Lesser Canada goose abundance in spring, 1964-2025.

Year	WPBHS1	WPBHS1.SE	WPBHS2	WPBHS2.SE	WPBHS3	WPBHS3.SE	WPBHS4	WPBHS4.SE	WPBHS12	WPBHS12.SE	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1964	110	120	150	142	0	0	1,929	1,655	125	107	2,314	1,669	NA	NA
1965	1,100	682	0	0	352	364	1,234	840	0	0	2,687	1,142	NA	NA
1966	0	0	0	0	141	136	284	265	0	0	425	298	1,808	1,180
1967	3,740	3,038	450	426	2,159	1,135	7,020	3,168	109	103	13,478	4,555	5,530	2,716
1968	385	422	0	0	775	363	8,370	4,826	438	284	9,968	4,866	7,957	3,852
1969	3,410	3,735	0	0	705	345	3,645	1,593	0	0	7,760	4,076	10,402	4,510
1970	2,805	2,748	0	0	705	393	8,505	4,209	657	620	12,671	5,080	10,133	4,694
1971	220	241	0	0	2,466	1,003	5,400	3,166	109	103	8,195	3,331	9,542	4,224
1972	0	0	0	0	705	393	2,700	1,180	0	0	3,405	1,243	8,090	3,580
1973	220	216	0	0	1,832	500	4,050	1,097	274	258	6,375	1,252	5,992	2,176
1974	330	162	150	142	14,655	14,539	5,940	1,642	109	103	21,184	14,633	10,321	8,510
1975	0	0	0	0	986	543	4,590	995	1,368	1,291	6,944	1,718	11,501	8,537
1976	0	0	0	0	1,127	437	1,755	625	109	103	2,992	769	10,373	8,518
1977	770	488	150	142	1,057	394	1,890	815	821	775	4,688	1,295	4,875	1,319
1978	0	0	0	0	1,832	653	4,995	2,124	109	103	6,936	2,224	4,872	1,551
1979	110	108	0	0	1,620	678	4,590	1,693	219	82	6,539	1,829	6,054	1,823
1980	0	0	450	464	1,691	539	10,530	3,173	219	207	12,890	3,258	8,788	2,511
1981	330	235	375	255	2,677	1,001	13,770	3,564	1,259	1,017	18,411	3,855	12,613	3,099
1982	1,210	1,056	150	155	1,550	666	9,990	4,167	3,119	2,685	16,019	5,114	15,773	4,149
1983	220	216	0	0	1,550	883	1,620	548	0	0	3,390	1,062	12,607	3,748
1984	990	970	2,325	2,199	1,127	371	9,180	3,538	219	207	13,841	4,298	11,083	3,905
1985	385	377	0	0	705	432	7,830	3,152	657	620	9,576	3,263	8,936	3,175
1986	1,430	1,401	150	142	775	671	4,320	2,114	0	0	6,675	2,627	10,031	3,465
1987	220	216	150	142	705	253	2,970	1,070	547	516	4,592	1,242	6,948	2,523
1988	440	332	525	496	986	400	3,780	750	1,040	981	6,771	1,429	6,013	1,870
1989	715	701	0	0	423	221	5,940	2,012	0	0	7,078	2,142	6,147	1,651
1990	770	754	750	774	2,748	1,721	7,290	3,229	109	103	11,667	3,817	8,505	2,658
1991	495	485	2,175	1,726	1,409	568	0	0	219	125	4,298	1,885	7,681	2,751
1992	4,290	4,203	0	0	845	503	2,565	1,137	1,423	1,196	9,123	4,544	8,363	3,595
1993	495	485	150	155	282	200	4,860	1,379	109	103	5,896	1,487	6,439	2,967
1994	1,925	1,886	150	142	2,889	2,447	10,530	3,761	1,204	698	16,698	4,919	10,572	3,960
1995	715	592	675	541	705	345	7,020	2,669	438	342	9,552	2,829	10,715	3,387
1996	1,100	1,078	300	195	1,339	681	4,725	2,116	219	207	7,683	2,487	11,311	3,577
1997	715	575	300	195	564	266	2,970	783	438	251	4,986	1,056	7,407	2,258
1998	880	862	0	0	141	141	4,590	1,636	109	103	5,720	1,857	6,130	1,893
1999	110	108	2,175	1,919	141	145	2,295	953	930	380	5,651	2,183	5,453	1,764
2000	3,960	3,761	375	255	493	262	3,240	1,791	1,204	811	9,272	4,259	6,881	2,964
2001	110	93	0	0	1,033	452	4,590	1,822	328	155	6,062	1,886	6,995	2,970
2002	990	847	600	320	1,127	472	1,890	780	328	226	4,936	1,305	6,756	2,793
2003	110	108	150	142	352	254	5,265	2,150	383	216	6,260	2,183	5,753	1,828
2004	440	431	600	619	916	336	3,915	1,681	438	95	6,309	1,876	5,835	1,824
2005	314	328	0	0	282	187	3,645	1,356	602	245	4,843	1,428	5,804	1,855
2006	330	132	0	0	634	388	2,700	772	547	41	4,211	875	5,121	1,452
2007	0	0	375	387	986	692	2,970	1,457	5,199	3,660	9,530	4,018	6,195	2,513
2008	1,650	1,617	0	0	423	221	7,200	3,400	985	665	10,258	3,830	8,000	3,244
2009	605	593	0	0	564	329	4,455	1,941	766	287	6,390	2,076	8,726	3,422
2010	0	0	450	285	581	239	4,860	1,730	930	878	6,822	1,975	7,823	2,761
2011	0	0	150	142	423	221	1,080	695	1,915	1,808	3,568	1,954	5,593	2,002
2012	1,344	954	0	0	1,127	876	1,350	875	0	0	3,822	1,563	4,737	1,841
2013	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2014	122	131	0	0	436	323	540	380	1,751	657	2,849	835	3,413	1,523
2015	183	173	0	0	141	136	7,020	5,629	1,259	300	8,603	5,641	5,091	3,414
2016	0	0	600	567	986	606	2,160	465	657	452	4,403	1,054	5,285	3,348
2017	244	230	0	0	1,350	665	1,080	718	1,368	1,291	4,043	1,636	5,683	3,445
2018	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,080	541	930	422	2,010	686	3,485	1,191
2019	122	115	0	0	564	329	11,340	6,988	1,040	811	13,066	7,043	6,373	4,194
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	122	115	0	0	282	291	4,590	4,301	0	0	4,994	4,313	6,690	4,785
2023	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2024	122	115	0	0	0	0	2,571	1,645	0	0	2,694	1,649	6,918	4,862
2025	367	346	0	0	291	291	9,720	4,130	547	516	10,925	4,187	6,204	3,598

Figure 6: Lesser Canada goose abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	10,925	4,187	2,719	19,130
3-year indexa	6,204	3,598	-849	13,257
LTA	7,404
Objective
% change from LTA	48
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2022, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total lesser Canada geese in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 7: Canada Goose, Western PFP

Original data source: Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) strata in Alberta and Montana (i.e., strata 76, and portions of strata 26–29 and 41–42); and State/Provincial Waterfowl Breeding Population Surveys in British Columbia, eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and northeast California; USFWS Headquarters, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Data maintained by USFWS Headquarters, Canadian Wildlife Service Pacific and Yukon Region, Washington, Oregon, California, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error(SE) of Pacific Flyway Population western Canada geese by survey (WBPHS in Alberta and Montana, and state/provincial surveys in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California) and in total for the State survey areas (State) and for all surveys combined (Total) in spring. Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 7. Pacific Flyway Population western Canada goose abundance in spring, 2010-2025.

Year	WBPHS	WBPHS.SE	BC	BC.SE	WA	WA.SE	OR	OR.SE	CA	CA.SE	State	State.SE	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
2010	162,421	23,611	33,296	4,154	18,696	4,353	31,642	4,416	33,155	8,178	116,789	33,985	279,210	41,382	NA	NA
2011	128,327	17,146	33,566	4,507	31,176	7,258	38,062	5,349	36,476	14,552	139,280	37,843	267,607	41,546	NA	NA
2012	184,960	22,519	35,787	4,834	29,308	5,925	40,920	5,699	42,181	14,288	148,197	43,246	333,157	48,758	293,325	44,030
2013	200,545	20,814	34,370	4,812	26,577	7,789	37,107	4,109	68,248	20,484	166,302	68,982	366,848	72,054	322,537	55,663
2014	146,746	15,934	34,120	3,863	38,832	8,779	39,671	5,068	31,209	14,497	143,831	33,040	290,577	36,682	330,194	54,512
2015	234,091	28,564	35,285	3,359	33,347	8,121	43,167	6,690	44,322	16,368	156,121	45,678	390,212	53,873	349,212	56,094
2016	319,990	34,525	39,980	5,200	24,678	6,375	40,968	6,851	44,323	11,234	149,949	45,597	469,939	57,193	383,576	50,063
2017	240,038	26,345	39,359	5,106	27,461	5,331	40,801	7,648	55,224	20,731	162,846	56,238	402,884	62,103	421,012	57,822
2018	316,119	38,653	34,646	3,532	36,662	8,491	49,646	9,647	52,121	14,984	173,076	53,798	489,195	66,244	454,006	61,957
2019	237,515	28,542	31,737	3,945	43,749	9,974	41,679	7,379	48,588	14,417	165,752	50,302	403,267	57,835	431,782	62,156
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	328,298	36,271	26,213	3,314	31,808	8,827	37,622	4,684	46,359	10,039	142,001	47,540	470,299	59,796	454,254	61,397
2023	259,223	27,356	20,698	2,212	24,570	6,360	22,189	3,668	60,353	14,900	127,809	60,838	387,032	66,705	420,200	61,563
2024	214,602	33,290	20,795	2,084	22,756	4,342	27,875	4,065	34,242	10,048	105,668	34,817	320,270	48,171	392,534	58,724
2025	276,178	31,282	28,887	2,694	28,746	7,158	29,505	4,520	62,034	17,442	149,172	62,667	425,350	70,041	377,551	62,385

Figure 7: Pacific Flyway Population western Canada goose abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Councils’ minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	425,350	70,041	288,070	562,629
3-year indexa	377,551	62,385	255,276	499,825
LTA	374,654
Objective	200,000
% change from LTA	14
% change from obj	89
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total western Canada geese in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 8: Emperor Goose

Original data source: Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey; USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of emperor geese in spring. Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 8. Emperor goose abundance in spring, 1985-2025.

Year	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1985	19,253	1,392	NA	NA
1986	11,580	865	NA	NA
1987	10,625	1,003	13,819	1,109
1988	13,066	1,022	11,757	966
1989	14,203	1,029	12,631	1,018
1990	14,645	1,083	13,971	1,045
1991	12,464	1,089	13,771	1,067
1992	12,927	818	13,345	1,005
1993	15,522	1,105	13,638	1,013
1994	16,842	934	15,097	959
1995	17,729	1,105	16,698	1,051
1996	23,885	2,431	19,485	1,633
1997	22,446	1,453	21,353	1,755
1998	20,047	980	22,126	1,731
1999	19,651	1,337	20,715	1,273
2000	16,632	877	18,777	1,083
2001	26,338	1,384	20,874	1,221
2002	18,726	1,132	20,565	1,150
2003	20,588	1,548	21,884	1,365
2004	20,986	1,068	20,100	1,267
2005	20,550	1,291	20,708	1,317
2006	24,997	1,534	22,178	1,311
2007	25,126	1,648	23,558	1,498
2008	21,811	1,095	23,978	1,445
2009	20,287	1,175	22,408	1,329
2010	19,760	1,072	20,619	1,115
2011	20,659	1,184	20,235	1,145
2012	20,159	1,647	20,193	1,325
2013	29,390	2,171	23,403	1,715
2014	30,685	2,763	26,745	2,241
2015	27,767	1,694	29,281	2,252
2016	33,277	2,384	30,576	2,323
2017	29,145	1,684	30,063	1,949
2018	29,509	1,680	30,644	1,945
2019	25,790	1,472	28,148	1,615
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	23,297	1,200	26,199	1,464
2022	27,977	1,488	25,688	1,393
2023	23,357	1,480	24,877	1,396
2024	17,223	1,040	22,852	1,352
2025	22,180	1,168	20,920	1,243

Figure 8: Emperor goose abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective. The red dashed reference line is the threshold where restrictions are considered and the red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	22,180	1,168	19,890	24,470
3-year indexa	20,920	1,243	18,483	23,357
LTA	20,998
Objective	34,000
% change from LTA	6
% change from obj	-35
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total emperor geese in spring.

Management thresholds:
≥28,000 Standard
≥23,000 Consider Restrictions
Closed

Management prescription: Closed.

Regulatory alternatives:
Standard
Quota of 1,000 birds
Consider Restrictions
Restrictions considered including quota of 500 birds
Closed

Data Table 9: Ross’s Goose

Original data source: Lincoln (harvest/harvest rate) estimates of adult abundance in summer; USFWS Headquarters. Data maintained by USFWS Headquarters.

Provided in the table below are adult abundance (Estimate) and standard error (SE) of Ross’s geese in summer. Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 9. Ross's goose abundance in summer, 1989-2023.

Year	Estimate	SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1989	122,967	75,859	122,967	76,796
1990	260,543	161,660	191,755	88,982
1991	184,576	114,119	189,362	70,645
1992	91,489	56,582	178,869	68,008
1993	NA	NA	138,032	63,634
1994	111,532	44,589	101,510	36,425
1995	436,216	271,326	273,874	136,767
1996	NA	NA	273,874	136,767
1997	391,660	98,868	413,938	143,224
1998	740,682	149,628	566,171	89,541
1999	708,306	138,152	613,549	75,358
2000	1,167,070	246,388	872,019	107,950
2001	1,642,862	404,123	1,172,746	165,028
2002	1,818,419	288,162	1,542,784	187,072
2003	1,133,114	189,555	1,531,465	178,101
2004	1,658,615	235,288	1,536,716	140,171
2005	1,385,010	171,256	1,392,246	118,050
2006	1,403,605	156,848	1,482,410	112,526
2007	2,586,016	333,733	1,791,543	136,295
2008	3,072,466	400,035	2,354,029	181,439
2009	1,946,855	317,704	2,535,112	203,712
2010	3,097,982	428,789	2,705,768	223,653
2011	2,653,779	351,631	2,566,206	216,019
2012	3,090,652	421,429	2,947,471	232,573
2013	3,735,736	486,685	3,160,056	241,654
2014	5,891,908	813,300	4,239,432	346,925
2015	1,907,986	223,189	3,845,210	326,445
2016	3,073,936	346,549	3,624,610	303,531
2017	2,638,395	389,028	2,540,106	187,891
2018	2,926,479	539,289	2,879,603	249,721
2019	2,537,495	339,399	2,700,790	248,084
2020	NA	NA	2,731,987	320,775
2021	NA	NA	2,537,495	339,234
2022	1,076,130	167,045	1,076,130	165,723
2023	3,409,133	474,160	2,242,631	251,201

Figure 9: Ross’s goose abundance in summer. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	3,409,133	474,160	2,479,779	4,338,487
3-year indexa	2,242,631	251,201	1,750,278	2,734,985
LTA	1,783,083
Objective	150,000
% change from LTA	91
% change from obj	2,173
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2021, 2022, 2023

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Adult Ross’s geese in summer.

Management thresholds:
≥100,000 Standard
Restrictive

Management prescription: Standard.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 10: Snow Goose, WIP and WAP

Original data source: Pacific Flyway Cooperative Light Goose Winter Survey; Washington, Oregon, and California. Data maintained by Washington, Oregon, and California.

Provided in the table below are abundance of Wrangel Island Population and Western Arctic Population lesser snow geese by area including Skagit-Fraser River Deltas in Washington and British Columbia (Sk-Fr), Oregon-Washington Columbia River east (ColR.E), Oregon-Washington Columbia River west (ColR.W), balance of Oregon (OR), California (CA), and in total (Total). In California, the percentage of the white geese count that are Ross’s geese (CARoss%) are recorded periodically and is modeled to estimate the percentage of Ross’s geese smoothed over all years (CARossAdj%). The number of lesser snow geese in California (CASnow) is derived by subtracting the percentage of the white goose count that are Ross’s geese and is the metric used to monitor abundance of Western Arctic Population lesser snow geese in winter. In the Skagit-Fraser area, the percentage of the lesser snow goose count that are juveniles (Juv%) is reported and used to derive the number of adult snow geese in the Skagit-Fraser count (AdultSk). Adult snow geese is the metric used to monitor abundance of Wrangel Island Population lesser snow geese in winter. Also provided are moving 3-year averages for snow geese in California (M3yrCA) and adult snow geese in the Skagit-Fraser (M3yrSk). So long as there are counts in Sakgit-Fraser and California, the total winter count is interpreted as the minimum known population size with no variance.

Table 10. Wrangel Island Population and Western Arctic Population lesser snow geese in winter, 1979-2024.

Year	Sk-Fr	ColR.E	ColR.W	OR	CA	Total	CARoss%	CARossAdj%	CASnow	M3yrCA	Juv%	AdultSk	M3yrSk
1979	35,600	NA	NA	NA	492,500	528,100	NA	36.3	313,674	NA	NA	NA	NA
1980	22,400	NA	NA	NA	181,800	204,200	NA	37.0	114,500	NA	19.0	18,144	NA
1981	48,600	NA	NA	NA	711,300	759,900	NA	37.7	443,388	290,521	NA	NA	NA
1982	26,100	NA	NA	NA	328,000	354,100	NA	38.2	202,542	253,477	5.8	24,586	NA
1983	24,500	NA	NA	NA	523,100	547,600	NA	38.8	320,287	322,072	0.0	24,500	22,410
1984	26,600	NA	NA	NA	439,700	466,300	NA	39.2	267,201	263,344	12.6	23,248	24,112
1985	46,200	NA	NA	NA	503,600	549,800	NA	39.6	304,032	297,173	24.0	35,112	27,620
1986	39,900	NA	NA	NA	481,800	521,700	NA	40.0	289,256	286,830	25.0	29,925	29,428
1987	47,700	NA	NA	NA	477,600	525,300	NA	40.2	285,432	292,906	40.0	28,620	31,219
1988	43,800	NA	NA	NA	397,200	441,000	NA	40.4	236,545	270,411	NA	NA	NA
1989	32,200	NA	NA	NA	431,700	463,900	41.9	40.6	256,451	259,476	NA	NA	NA
1990	31,700	NA	NA	NA	676,800	708,500	43.6	40.7	401,471	298,156	NA	NA	NA
1991	39,100	NA	NA	NA	651,000	690,100	NA	40.7	386,012	347,978	28.6	27,917	28,821
1992	34,300	NA	NA	NA	605,000	639,300	36.9	40.7	358,970	382,151	NA	NA	NA
1993	49,100	NA	NA	NA	520,100	569,200	NA	40.6	309,120	351,367	NA	NA	NA
1994	42,600	NA	NA	NA	435,600	478,200	NA	40.4	259,608	309,232	8.5	38,979	31,839
1995	37,000	NA	NA	NA	464,400	501,400	NA	40.2	277,819	282,182	5.4	35,002	33,966
1996	45,800	NA	NA	NA	320,500	366,300	NA	39.9	192,656	243,361	NA	NA	NA
1997	47,000	NA	NA	NA	369,400	416,400	NA	39.5	223,343	231,272	16.2	39,386	37,789
1998	47,100	NA	NA	NA	307,200	354,300	NA	39.1	187,002	201,000	13.2	40,883	38,424
1999	28,600	NA	NA	NA	550,400	579,000	NA	38.7	337,658	249,334	15.6	24,138	34,802
2000	56,300	NA	NA	NA	600,500	656,800	38.4	38.1	371,617	298,759	20.3	44,871	36,631
2001	52,000	NA	NA	NA	396,200	448,200	NA	37.5	247,560	318,945	21.1	41,028	36,679
2002	73,100	NA	NA	NA	523,700	596,800	NA	36.9	330,690	316,622	26.7	53,582	46,494
2003	66,800	NA	NA	NA	521,000	587,800	NA	36.1	332,756	303,669	12.8	58,250	50,953
2004	68,141	NA	NA	NA	682,128	750,269	NA	35.3	441,027	368,158	15.3	57,715	56,516
2005	80,040	NA	NA	NA	630,686	710,726	34.8	34.5	413,117	395,633	32.7	53,867	56,611
2006	83,148	NA	NA	NA	719,810	802,958	NA	33.6	478,050	444,065	21.2	65,521	59,034
2007	94,856	NA	NA	NA	978,622	1,073,478	NA	32.6	659,455	516,874	21.8	74,177	64,522
2008	NA	NA	NA	NA	900,403	NA	31.3	31.6	616,066	584,524	NA	NA	NA
2009	78,989	NA	NA	NA	827,055	906,044	NA	30.5	574,956	616,826	40.0	47,393	62,364
2010	63,641	NA	NA	NA	800,156	863,797	NA	29.3	565,535	585,519	4.4	60,841	60,804
2011	69,964	NA	NA	NA	1,027,887	1,097,851	25.6	28.1	739,051	626,514	20.6	55,551	54,595
2012	67,198	NA	NA	NA	824,432	891,630	NA	26.8	603,354	635,980	18.6	54,699	57,030
2013	69,685	NA	NA	NA	1,275,890	1,345,575	NA	25.5	950,929	764,445	23.8	53,100	54,450
2014	66,501	NA	NA	NA	1,141,579	1,208,080	31.9	24.1	866,908	807,064	8.5	60,835	56,211
2015	81,195	7,930	11,892	44	NA	NA	NA	22.6	NA	NA	26.8	59,435	57,790
2016	103,617	15,447	14,215	16	1,773,493	1,906,788	NA	21.1	1,400,062	1,072,633	33.4	69,009	63,093
2017	86,553	33,274	18,080	0	1,217,295	1,355,202	11.5	19.5	980,401	1,082,457	15.4	73,224	67,222
2018	109,993	52,841	18,241	26	1,232,663	1,413,764	NA	17.8	1,013,214	1,131,226	20.6	87,334	76,522
2019	NA	160,825	24,394	30	1,414,392	NA	NA	16.1	1,186,920	1,060,178	NA	NA	NA
2020	133,306	153,690	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	14.3	NA	NA	30.0	93,314	84,624
2021	120,725	119,771	35,748	276	NA	NA	NA	12.5	NA	NA	16.1	101,288	93,979
2022	91,608	64,745	19,445	2	1,093,828	1,269,628	17.1	10.5	978,445	1,059,526	4.6	87,394	93,999
2023	66,355	162,586	17,171	25	1,238,593	1,484,730	NA	8.6	1,132,330	1,099,232	NA	NA	NA
2024	NA	136,897	15,204	3,203	1,077,086	NA	NA	6.5	1,006,561	1,039,112	NA	NA	NA

Figure 10: Western Arctic Population lesser snow goose abundance in winter in California. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	1,006,561
3-year indexa	1,039,112
LTA	496,415
Objective	300,000
% change from LTA	103
% change from obj	246
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Western Arctic Population of Lesser Snow Geese

Management index: Total lesser snow geese in winter in California.

Management thresholds:
≥300,000 Standard Restrictive

Management prescription: Standard.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Figure 11: Wrangel Island Population lesser snow goose adult abundance in winter in Skagit-Fraser River Delta areas. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	87,394
3-year indexa	93,999
LTA	50,166
Objective	70,000
% change from LTA	74
% change from obj	34
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2020, 2021, 2022

Wrangel Island Population of Lesser Snow Geese

Management index: Total adult lesser snow geese in winter in Skagit-Fraser River Delta areas.

Management thresholds:
≥70,000 Standard
Restrictive

Management prescription: NA.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 11: White-fronted Goose, MP

Original data source: Lincoln (harvest/harvest rate) estimates of adult abundance in summer and adult harvest rate; USFWS Headquarters. Data maintained by USFWS Headquarters.

Provided in the table below are adult abundance (N) and standard error (N.SE) of Midcontinent Population white-fronted geese in summer and harvest rate (h) and standard error (h.SE). Also provided are the moving 3-year average abundance (N.M3yr) and harvest rate (h.M3yr) and associated standard errors (N.M3yr.SE and h.M3yr.SE).

Table 11. Midcontinent Population white-fronted goose adult abundance in summer and harvest rate, 1976-2024. Note that moving 3-year averages are calculated as the most recent three years regardless of missing data so long as there are at least 2 years of data.

Year	N	N.SE	N.M3yr	N.M3yr.SE	hrate	hrate.SE	h.M3yr	h.M3yr.SE
1976	399,195	66,443	NA	NA	0.096	0.015	NA	NA
1977	524,380	91,402	NA	NA	0.090	0.015	NA	NA
1978	519,507	76,873	481,028	45,693	0.109	0.014	0.098	0.008
1979	563,147	83,512	535,678	47,999	0.090	0.012	0.096	0.008
1980	NA	NA	541,327	56,429	NA	NA	0.099	0.009
1981	NA	NA	563,147	83,398	NA	NA	0.090	0.012
1982	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1983	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1984	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1985	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1986	777,215	362,356	777,215	369,101	0.058	0.034	0.058	0.034
1987	933,857	256,517	855,536	223,489	0.051	0.014	0.055	0.018
1988	1,291,574	358,819	1,000,882	190,626	0.038	0.011	0.049	0.013
1989	1,665,397	495,742	1,296,943	220,419	0.039	0.012	0.043	0.007
1990	3,246,087	870,907	2,067,686	354,519	0.023	0.006	0.033	0.006
1991	2,334,895	787,297	2,415,460	430,746	0.029	0.010	0.030	0.006
1992	1,033,830	200,690	2,204,937	405,170	0.068	0.012	0.040	0.006
1993	1,644,665	503,783	1,671,130	325,404	0.031	0.010	0.043	0.006
1994	2,026,828	465,967	1,568,441	239,580	0.040	0.009	0.047	0.006
1995	1,483,184	313,371	1,718,226	252,733	0.044	0.009	0.039	0.005
1996	1,769,749	376,424	1,759,920	229,307	0.054	0.011	0.046	0.006
1997	1,792,679	258,978	1,681,871	189,040	0.065	0.008	0.054	0.005
1998	2,240,477	381,031	1,934,302	201,373	0.043	0.007	0.054	0.005
1999	1,560,488	190,607	1,864,548	166,108	0.068	0.007	0.058	0.004
2000	2,669,886	351,903	2,156,950	183,532	0.056	0.006	0.056	0.004
2001	2,178,293	292,694	2,136,222	166,434	0.051	0.006	0.058	0.004
2002	2,872,882	450,864	2,573,687	216,679	0.035	0.005	0.047	0.003
2003	1,508,710	183,533	2,186,628	189,936	0.052	0.005	0.046	0.003
2004	1,884,996	225,501	2,088,863	176,849	0.043	0.004	0.043	0.003
2005	2,485,176	332,154	1,959,627	147,601	0.040	0.004	0.045	0.003
2006	3,009,015	419,688	2,459,729	195,573	0.030	0.003	0.037	0.002
2007	3,604,007	452,423	3,032,733	233,757	0.041	0.004	0.037	0.002
2008	3,702,986	478,901	3,438,670	259,141	0.032	0.003	0.034	0.002
2009	3,493,229	490,570	3,600,074	273,144	0.023	0.003	0.032	0.002
2010	2,917,507	381,870	3,371,241	260,245	0.035	0.004	0.030	0.002
2011	2,909,280	350,174	3,106,672	238,521	0.028	0.003	0.029	0.002
2012	2,723,369	311,246	2,850,052	200,520	0.036	0.003	0.033	0.002
2013	3,622,743	458,362	3,085,131	219,152	0.029	0.003	0.031	0.002
2014	3,765,799	527,504	3,370,637	256,895	0.034	0.004	0.033	0.002
2015	2,286,219	346,798	3,224,920	262,591	0.035	0.005	0.033	0.002
2016	3,006,259	394,816	3,019,426	248,350	0.043	0.004	0.037	0.003
2017	2,362,190	311,431	2,551,556	202,343	0.050	0.005	0.043	0.003
2018	2,803,648	377,088	2,724,032	206,038	0.038	0.004	0.044	0.003
2019	2,300,256	375,028	2,488,698	202,565	0.044	0.006	0.044	0.003
2020	NA	NA	2,551,952	261,368	NA	NA	0.041	0.004
2021	3,194,655	531,447	2,747,455	323,945	0.027	0.004	0.035	0.004
2022	1,278,379	172,583	2,236,517	277,603	0.054	0.006	0.040	0.004
2023	2,749,577	342,915	2,407,537	216,014	0.038	0.004	0.039	0.003
2024	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.049	0.006	0.047	0.003

Figure 12: Midcontinent Population white-fronted goose abundance in summer. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% and 70% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Councils’ minimum population objective and the restriction threshold if abundance is below 1.2 million geese AND adult harvest rate is above 0.075. The red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics for abundace

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	2,749,577	342,915	2,077,464	3,421,689
3-year indexa	2,407,537	216,014	1,984,149	2,830,925
LTA	2,159,666
Objective	1,200,000
% change from LTA	27
% change from obj	101
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2021, 2022, 2023

Figure 13: Midcontinent Population white-fronted goose adult harvest rate. Circles are annual estimates of harvest rate with 95% and 70% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence intervals (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The red dashed reference line is the restriction threshold if abundance is below 1.2 million geese (minumum population objective) AND adult harvest rate is above 0.075.

Time series statistics for harvest rate

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	0.049	0.006	0.037	0.061
3-year indexa	0.047	0.003	0.040	0.053
LTA	0.047
Objective
% change from LTA	3.722
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	3.000
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Adult white-fronted geese in winter and harvest rate.

Management thresholds:
N≥1,200,000 or h≤7.5 Standard
N<1,200,000 and h>7.5 Restrictive
N<250,000 Closed

Management prescription: Standard.

Regulatory alternatives:
Only the alternatives for the Pacific Flyway are shown here, and specifically Alaska. See the management plan for other flyway and state specific alternatives.
Standard and Restrictive
Season length is 107 days, bracket dates September 1 and January 26, and the daily bag limit is 4 geese

Decision framework: The Management prescription is based on two state variables; abundance and harvest rate. The probability distribution of the most recent 3-year averages relative to threshold values is used in a decision-analysis framework for setting harvest regulations. Eighty five percent of the distribution (confidence in the parameter estimate) must be below or above critical thresholds to prescribe a specific regulatory alternative. The 85% distribution corresponds to a confidence interval (CI) of 70% for the parameter estimate. Thus, if the upper or lower 70% CI for the parameter falls below or above the critical threshold value, then >85% of the distribution is below or above the threshold. The season is closed when >85% of the distribution for the most recent 3-year average population size is below 250,000 geese. A restrictive regulatory alternative is prescribed when >85% of the distribution for the most recent 3-year average population size is below 1,200,000 geese AND >85% of the distribution for the most recent 3-year average harvest rate is above 7.5%. A standard regulatory alternative is prescribed when conditions are not meet for either the restrictive or closed season regulatory alternatives.

Data Table 12: White-fronted Goose, PP

Original data source: California Fall Survey of White-fronted Geese and Yukon Kuskokwim Coastal Zone Survey and Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS; strata 8 (Bristol Bay) and 9 (YKD Inland); California and USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by California, USFWS Alaska Region, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of Pacific Population white-fronted geese by survey and area including California Fall Survey (CAfall), and Yukon Kuskokwim Coastal Zone Survey (YKDCZ) and Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS; strata 8 and 9). Also provided are the total for all spring survey areas (Spring). Total spring abundance is projected to fall abundance (PrjFall) via a fixed factor (estimated = 3.2334, SE = 0.1006) for visibility bias. Also provided are the projected fall abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 12. Pacific Population white-fronted goose abundance in spring, 1985-2025.

Year	CAfall	YKDCZ	YKDCZ.SE	WPBHS8	WPBHS8.SE	WPBHS9	WPBHS9.SE	Spring	Spring.SE	PrjFall	PrjFall.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1985	93,900	17,398	841	6,241	3,467	9,563	3,735	33,203	5,165	107,358	17,038	NA	NA
1986	107,100	12,988	798	5,273	2,513	8,984	2,872	27,245	3,899	88,093	12,907	NA	NA
1987	130,600	14,167	1,247	4,520	2,044	6,665	2,001	25,352	3,121	81,972	10,412	92,475	13,727
1988	124,690	23,459	1,388	4,842	1,358	12,365	2,100	40,666	2,860	131,490	10,117	100,519	11,215
1989	263,350	26,546	2,022	6,672	3,125	9,853	2,723	43,070	4,611	139,264	15,535	117,576	12,276
1990	237,050	36,096	3,315	2,475	903	14,973	2,577	53,544	4,295	173,129	14,901	147,961	13,732
1991	215,655	30,180	1,977	5,596	1,592	11,205	2,604	46,981	3,637	151,910	12,679	154,768	14,424
1992	230,675	32,494	2,140	8,716	4,503	11,012	1,608	52,223	5,238	168,857	17,741	164,632	15,249
1993	253,820	39,976	2,696	1,614	939	19,320	5,259	60,910	5,984	196,946	20,305	172,571	17,203
1994	298,930	55,801	3,177	5,058	3,654	8,694	1,375	69,553	5,033	224,892	17,723	196,898	18,629
1995	251,970	77,149	4,623	3,228	1,331	8,501	1,692	88,878	5,099	287,377	18,764	236,405	18,961
1996	350,850	76,457	4,392	5,380	2,319	27,241	4,775	109,078	6,889	352,693	24,843	288,320	20,683
1997	318,954	82,489	4,561	4,520	3,444	20,286	4,473	107,294	7,258	346,924	25,842	328,998	23,360
1998	413,100	86,930	3,180	2,367	1,143	18,643	4,036	107,940	5,264	349,015	20,199	349,544	23,756
1999	285,514	90,843	6,265	4,304	1,682	25,107	3,966	120,253	7,603	388,828	27,411	361,589	24,679
2000	284,044	86,186	5,853	2,045	1,164	16,080	4,920	104,310	7,734	337,277	27,133	358,373	25,136
2001	337,848	111,746	6,713	7,533	5,867	23,414	6,551	142,693	11,064	461,384	38,563	395,829	31,489
2002	402,565	88,345	5,753	6,564	2,856	16,644	2,916	111,553	7,054	360,696	25,430	386,452	30,930
2003	424,900	117,920	10,007	2,690	1,410	16,644	5,557	137,254	11,533	443,796	39,783	421,959	35,197
2004	337,971	98,802	6,496	2,260	1,211	15,891	1,899	116,953	6,875	378,157	25,161	394,217	30,889
2005	508,890	104,802	6,482	8,071	5,989	17,772	4,371	130,645	9,848	422,428	34,464	414,794	33,682
2006	426,300	136,752	8,244	5,811	2,331	27,739	3,901	170,302	9,413	550,656	34,943	450,414	31,843
2007	476,009	163,757	10,107	2,690	1,536	27,269	6,097	193,717	11,903	626,363	43,158	533,149	37,733
2008	602,699	162,157	10,086	1,291	756	53,025	14,940	216,473	18,042	699,944	62,297	625,654	48,182
2009	457,802	143,307	9,225	6,349	2,492	31,313	11,495	180,969	14,948	585,144	51,671	637,150	52,957
2010	783,648	174,891	15,781	9,792	3,889	42,503	8,751	227,186	18,460	734,584	63,943	673,224	59,552
2011	646,501	168,421	11,668	7,533	3,436	32,535	9,153	208,489	15,223	674,127	53,528	664,619	56,639
2012	831,955	181,861	14,917	4,627	1,983	45,229	12,819	231,718	19,768	749,236	68,067	719,316	62,148
2013	NA	162,885	15,256	6,779	4,147	28,304	14,634	197,968	21,543	640,110	72,482	687,825	65,197
2014	663,257	198,370	28,544	1,184	710	16,268	5,460	215,821	29,070	697,837	96,516	695,728	80,004
2015	634,478	154,044	12,141	1,399	466	18,315	9,463	173,758	15,400	561,829	52,798	633,259	76,063
2016	727,419	206,356	16,707	2,260	1,624	23,884	10,902	232,500	20,016	751,767	68,848	670,477	74,929
2017	743,488	211,446	14,231	450	288	28,869	9,727	240,764	17,240	778,488	60,806	697,361	61,169
2018	646,965	186,626	22,200	1,291	1,087	11,284	3,893	199,201	22,565	644,097	75,700	724,784	68,721
2019	647,040	144,268	13,905	1,076	486	14,105	9,560	159,449	16,881	515,562	56,918	646,049	64,981
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	126,621	6,732	2,152	1,222	28,586	12,332	157,359	14,103	508,805	48,292	556,155	61,380
2022	NA	170,572	13,651	861	867	37,989	18,424	209,422	22,946	677,146	77,163	567,171	61,984
2023	570,391	118,548	10,434	0	0	13,165	7,794	131,713	13,024	425,881	44,167	537,277	58,415
2024	457,773	107,497	7,969	1,563	1,576	19,371	5,835	128,431	10,002	415,268	34,841	506,098	55,132
2025	NA	124,023	9,448	861	867	20,123	13,667	145,007	16,638	468,864	55,765	436,671	45,732

Figure 14: Pacific Population white-fronted goose abundance in fall. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective. The and the red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	468,864	55,765	359,565	578,163
3-year indexa	436,671	45,732	347,036	526,306
LTA	431,521
Objective	300,000
% change from LTA	9
% change from obj	46
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: White-fronted geese projected in fall.

Management thresholds:
>300,000 Standard
>100,000 Restrictive
Closed

Management prescription: Standard.

Note that the Restrictive alternative will be prescribed when the most recent moving 3-year average abundance is increasing from below 100,000 to at least 120,000 birds.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Harvest management should promote maintenance of the population goal: a 3-year average projected fall index of 300,000 geese. When the population is above objective, the harvest rate should not exceed 15% of the most recent 3-year average index. If the population index drops below the objective level of 300,000, harvest rate should not exceed 10% of the most recent 3-year average projected fall population index. If the 3-year average population index drops below 100,000 geese, all hunting should be suspended throughout the flyway. After a season closure, the 3-year average abundance must exceed 120,000 birds before harvest may be considered.

Data Table 13: White-fronted Goose, Tule

Original data source: Cooperative Pacific Flyway Mark-resight Survey in California, Oregon, and Alaska; California and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office. Data maintained by California.

Provided in the table below are abundance (Estimate) and standard error (SE) of Tule white-fronted geese in fall. Also provided are the estimated number of marked (Marks) geese in the population, estimated ratio (Ratio) of marked geese to total geese, and the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 13. Tule white-fronted goose abundance in fall, 2003-2024.

Year	Marks	Marks.SE	Ratio	Ratio.SE	Estimate	Estimate.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
2003	47	0.0	373	72.4	17,536	3,404	NA	NA
2004	60	0.0	152	44.8	9,115	2,687	NA	NA
2005	51	1.3	293	119.5	15,030	6,144	13,894	4,342
2006	81	0.0	412	134.4	33,342	10,890	19,162	7,384
2007	88	0.5	189	40.0	16,640	3,526	21,671	7,501
2008	75	0.5	147	35.4	11,039	2,663	20,340	6,785
2009	54	1.1	248	55.8	13,399	3,026	13,693	3,092
2010	58	0.0	293	79.3	17,002	4,598	13,814	3,530
2011	53	0.5	224	42.4	11,920	2,257	14,107	3,435
2012	59	0.8	273	80.0	16,269	4,763	15,064	4,038
2013	50	0.0	220	65.7	10,975	3,285	13,055	3,586
2014	56	0.4	159	42.3	8,940	2,373	12,062	3,611
2015	59	0.3	164	32.1	9,667	1,900	9,861	2,584
2016	56	0.0	329	91.2	18,445	5,106	12,351	3,431
2017	60	0.5	284	68.8	17,124	4,145	15,079	3,953
2018	45	0.3	155	34.5	6,992	1,557	14,187	3,902
2019	54	0.5	303	90.8	16,446	4,927	13,521	3,825
2020	30	1.6	395	127.2	12,048	3,934	11,829	3,749
2021	25	0.6	463	221.8	11,713	5,625	13,402	4,878
2022	33	2.0	400	190.5	13,029	6,272	12,263	5,368
2023	39	0.0	248	64.9	9,655	2,529	11,466	5,079
2024	26	0.0	258	74.4	6,721	1,934	9,802	4,061

Figure 15: Tule white-fronted goose abundance in fall Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	6,721	1,934	2,931	10,511
3-year indexa	9,802	4,061	1,842	17,762
LTA	14,111
Objective	10,000
% change from LTA	-52
% change from obj	-2
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total white-fronted geese in fall.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 14: Trumpeter Swan, PP

Original data source: Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) strata in Alaska (i.e., strata 1–4, 6, and 7); USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by the USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of Pacific Population trumpeter swans by WBPHS area (strata 1–4, 6, and 7) and in total (Total) in spring. Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 14. Pacific Population trumpeter swan abundance in spring, 1964-2025.

Year	WPBHS1	WPBHS1.SE	WPBHS2	WPBHS2.SE	WPBHS3	WPBHS3.SE	WPBHS4	WPBHS4.SE	WPBHS6	WPBHS6.SE	WPBHS7	WPBHS7.SE	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1964	110	120	150	155	465	217	0	0	922	819	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1965	220	241	375	200	1,198	603	154	143	205	121	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1966	330	179	0	0	845	347	0	0	205	195	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1967	935	456	1,050	380	913	418	0	0	64	69	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1968	110	108	750	397	493	213	0	0	0	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1969	385	271	150	98	986	302	0	0	102	98	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1970	440	261	750	404	845	479	0	0	102	70	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1971	715	235	1,875	663	1,198	418	0	0	359	207	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1972	440	314	1,125	440	1,480	571	0	0	205	121	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1973	110	54	1,200	484	1,057	502	0	0	461	294	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1974	0	0	1,050	579	916	303	135	127	256	125	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1975	330	162	3,450	2,110	775	453	135	127	666	427	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1976	220	108	1,950	512	1,198	459	135	141	359	241	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1977	330	216	2,775	725	1,198	529	0	0	410	390	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1978	330	361	1,725	789	2,114	699	270	283	410	287	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1979	330	194	1,800	901	2,043	706	270	156	615	376	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1980	220	152	2,100	465	2,959	844	0	0	1,281	743	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1981	990	766	2,850	1,614	1,550	570	135	141	1,076	551	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1982	440	295	2,400	816	3,805	1,724	0	0	512	317	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1983	385	189	3,225	896	3,382	1,208	0	0	871	341	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1984	550	269	4,950	2,892	2,607	738	0	0	410	222	740	178	9,257	3,010	NA	NA
1985	1,375	559	3,750	1,307	4,086	1,126	0	0	1,025	561	840	210	11,076	1,910	NA	NA
1986	385	214	3,600	1,251	2,748	815	0	0	410	150	920	137	8,063	1,522	9,465	2,238
1987	440	253	6,150	3,568	4,650	1,737	270	283	512	138	620	148	12,642	3,992	10,594	2,702
1988	385	108	4,350	1,109	4,861	1,535	135	141	871	250	500	215	11,103	1,931	10,603	2,707
1989	440	321	5,775	2,379	3,452	1,022	405	380	974	456	500	227	11,546	2,685	11,764	2,993
1990	110	108	4,500	1,496	6,693	2,250	0	0	769	382	660	176	12,732	2,737	11,794	2,478
1991	660	244	4,650	1,863	3,241	1,169	675	349	974	425	800	359	11,000	2,308	11,759	2,584
1992	330	126	4,200	621	4,368	1,129	540	270	410	150	680	193	10,528	1,346	11,420	2,208
1993	385	143	3,225	632	4,086	993	675	349	359	197	380	145	9,110	1,260	10,213	1,705
1994	440	332	3,825	961	4,086	772	1,080	648	359	133	720	320	10,510	1,473	10,049	1,362
1995	330	216	3,450	1,203	4,509	1,021	0	0	666	250	1,020	368	9,975	1,653	9,865	1,471
1996	660	396	4,125	886	6,552	1,555	405	380	974	364	1,040	234	13,756	1,921	11,414	1,693
1997	495	331	5,400	1,783	3,945	1,082	270	283	820	228	880	145	11,810	2,148	11,847	1,918
1998	55	54	4,950	1,375	6,834	1,734	0	0	922	390	1,020	82	13,782	2,249	13,116	2,111
1999	385	306	6,225	1,368	12,823	4,313	1,485	1,406	666	255	820	157	22,404	4,757	15,999	3,281
2000	550	209	4,350	1,460	11,273	5,071	10,530	8,815	2,306	742	1,260	241	30,269	10,306	22,152	6,681
2001	385	187	4,950	1,534	7,492	3,212	4,050	2,345	1,281	627	1,200	552	19,358	4,347	24,010	7,018
2002	660	205	3,375	1,004	6,905	1,747	1,215	817	1,076	239	1,080	335	14,311	2,223	21,313	6,584
2003	660	137	6,225	2,721	5,214	1,584	540	348	820	295	1,260	385	14,719	3,207	16,129	3,373
2004	935	294	3,450	1,046	5,989	1,609	540	391	1,281	387	1,480	382	13,675	2,054	14,235	2,546
2005	786	563	3,450	872	5,143	1,706	405	297	820	322	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2006	660	152	8,475	5,058	6,552	2,094	1,350	573	769	256	1,400	379	19,206	5,525	15,867	3,874
2007	605	367	5,400	1,366	9,159	2,945	1,485	734	1,435	582	660	180	18,744	3,404	17,208	3,930
2008	550	225	3,600	835	8,595	2,916	1,662	722	1,281	283	1,260	233	16,948	3,147	18,299	4,164
2009	605	104	3,150	1,001	8,455	2,613	810	538	1,742	411	620	126	15,382	2,884	17,025	3,152
2010	550	283	2,775	372	8,428	3,457	945	485	1,691	380	740	156	15,129	3,546	15,820	3,204
2011	1,161	412	2,925	474	8,948	2,352	1,350	499	1,896	497	720	179	17,000	2,540	15,837	3,019
2012	794	255	4,050	723	9,159	3,076	1,215	645	2,152	553	1,200	406	18,571	3,307	16,900	3,161
2013	NA	NA	3,600	887	8,877	2,800	1,080	590	NA	NA	960	264	NA	NA	NA	NA
2014	1,039	437	1,341	562	6,466	1,736	3,915	1,774	1,589	451	1,420	302	15,770	2,639	17,114	2,849
2015	244	111	3,000	501	7,680	1,548	1,350	698	2,358	451	1,320	656	15,951	1,944	16,764	2,688
2016	550	189	2,925	387	7,116	1,904	540	391	1,896	525	1,000	235	14,027	2,073	15,249	2,239
2017	794	272	1,575	378	9,900	3,526	810	553	2,255	501	980	297	16,314	3,647	15,431	2,669
2018	733	434	2,775	1,060	6,130	2,156	3,510	876	1,794	404	680	155	15,622	2,629	15,321	2,858
2019	2,383	1,758	1,950	500	6,552	1,525	5,940	3,259	2,409	935	820	132	20,054	4,145	17,330	3,530
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	756	412	2,730	1,269	5,231	1,588	1,890	1,072	2,358	1,122	1,280	271	14,245	2,605	16,640	3,208
2022	856	460	2,550	921	8,455	2,515	2,700	1,338	2,358	723	960	283	17,878	3,127	17,392	3,354
2023	428	182	NA	NA	3,488	1,352	2,160	940	1,435	504	520	105	NA	NA	NA	NA
2024	489	285	2,550	904	4,086	1,155	2,314	1,352	2,665	986	680	101	12,785	2,246	14,969	2,684
2025	1,161	330	1,300	624	6,539	1,988	8,640	5,776	2,358	650	1,060	225	21,058	6,188	17,240	4,208

Figure 16: Pacific Population trumpeter swans abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	21,058	6,188	8,930	33,186
3-year indexa	17,240	4,208	8,993	25,487
LTA	14,737
Objective	10,000
% change from LTA	43
% change from obj	72
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2022, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total trumpeter swans in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Note that the Pacific Flyway Council has not yet determined the objective for this population. Early discussions by the Pacific Flyway Study Committee indicate a possible value of 10,000 birds.

Data Table 15: Trumpeter Swan, RMP US Segment

Original data source: Cooperative Fall Survey of the Rocky Mountain Population Trumpeter Swan US Segment; USFWS headquarters, USFWS Mountain-Prairie Region, USFWS Pacific Region, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Tribes, and National Park Service. Data maintained by USFWS Headquarters.

Provided in the table below are abundance of Rocky Mountain Population trumpeter swans by age class and in total (Total) in fall. Age classes include adult and subadult birds (White) and cygnets (Gray). Also provided are the proportion of the total for each age class and the moving 3-year average abundance for adult and subadult swans (WhiteM3yr) and in total (TotalM3yr).

Table 15. Rocky Mountain Population US segment trumpeter swans in fall, 1987-2024.

Year	White	Gray	Total	White%	Gray%	White.M3yr	Total.M3yr
1967	580	58	638	91	9	NA	NA
1968	489	174	663	74	26	NA	NA
1969	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1970	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1971	477	95	572	83	17	515	624
1972	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1973	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1974	492	89	581	85	15	486	605
1975	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1976	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1977	454	90	544	83	17	474	566
1978	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1979	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1980	533	49	582	92	8	493	569
1981	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1982	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1983	471	76	547	86	14	486	558
1984	496	67	563	88	12	500	564
1985	431	144	575	75	25	466	562
1986	365	87	452	81	19	431	530
1987	417	194	611	68	32	404	546
1988	513	146	659	78	22	432	574
1989	535	63	598	89	11	488	623
1990	468	158	626	75	25	505	628
1991	446	109	555	80	20	483	593
1992	465	98	563	83	17	460	581
1993	303	51	354	86	14	405	491
1994	302	152	454	67	33	357	457
1995	365	62	427	85	15	323	412
1996	380	78	458	83	17	349	446
1997	358	69	427	84	16	368	437
1998	364	105	469	78	22	367	451
1999	347	70	417	83	17	356	438
2000	372	109	481	77	23	361	456
2001	416	71	487	85	15	378	462
2002	347	60	407	85	15	378	458
2003	357	96	453	79	21	373	449
2004	318	106	424	75	25	341	428
2005	430	111	541	79	21	368	473
2006	438	99	537	82	18	395	501
2007	449	133	582	77	23	439	553
2008	450	70	520	87	13	446	546
2009	486	90	576	84	16	462	559
2010	467	127	594	79	21	468	563
2011	497	132	629	79	21	483	600
2012	554	217	771	72	28	506	665
2013	684	144	828	83	17	578	743
2014	607	186	793	77	23	615	797
2015	742	253	995	75	25	678	872
2016	758	237	995	76	24	702	928
2017	823	204	1,027	80	20	774	1,006
2018	852	228	1,080	79	21	811	1,034
2019	794	165	959	83	17	823	1,022
2020	857	173	1,030	83	17	834	1,023
2021	793	201	994	80	20	815	994
2022	726	214	940	77	23	792	988
2023	690	236	926	75	25	736	953
2024	695	308	1,003	69	31	704	956

Figure 17: Rocky Mountain Population US breeding segment trumpeter swan white bird (subadult and adult) abundance in fall. Circles are annual estimates of abundance. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	695
3-year indexa	704
LTA	510
Objective	718
% change from LTA	36
% change from obj	-3
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total white (adult and subadult) trumpeter swans in fall.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Figure 18: Rocky Mountain Population US breeding segment trumpeter swan total abundance in fall. Circles are annual estimates of abundance. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average abundance.

Data Table 16: Tundra Swan, EP

Original data source: Cooperative State-Federal Midwinter Waterfowl Survey in the U.S. Mississippi Flyway; U.S. Atlantic Flyway; and Ontario, Canada. Data maintained by USFWS Atlantic Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance of Eastern population tundra swans in winter by area including the U.S. Mississippi Flyway (MF), U.S. Atlantic Flyway (AF), Ontario (ON), and in total (Total). Also provided is the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr). So long as there are counts in the U.S. Mississippi and Atlantic flyways and Ontario, the total winter count is interpreted as the minimum known population size with no variance.

Table 16. Eastern Population tundra swan abundance in winter, 1982-2025.

Year	MF	AF	ON	Total	M3yr
1982	72,907	275	0	73,182	NA
1983	86,464	550	500	87,514	NA
1984	81,235	25	100	81,360	80,685
1985	93,909	525	2,500	96,934	88,603
1986	90,766	150	25	90,941	89,745
1987	94,504	250	1,000	95,754	94,543
1988	77,110	375	1,200	78,685	88,460
1989	91,150	125	25	91,300	88,580
1990	90,593	17	9	90,619	86,868
1991	97,424	20	754	98,198	93,372
1992	109,788	327	2,929	113,044	100,620
1993	76,593	858	739	78,190	96,477
1994	84,527	61	184	84,772	92,002
1995	80,222	2,447	2,473	85,142	82,701
1996	79,021	393	113	79,527	83,147
1997	86,120	233	6,027	92,380	85,683
1998	96,544	1,335	2,679	100,558	90,822
1999	109,041	1,618	296	110,955	101,298
2000	103,082	3,364	8,897	115,343	108,952
2001	98,143	46	231	98,420	108,239
2002	103,827	3,661	7,169	114,657	109,473
2003	108,187	2,160	1,379	111,726	108,268
2004	94,975	2,094	13,737	110,806	112,396
2005	68,735	1,054	2,668	72,457	98,330
2006	70,452	1,069	9,746	81,267	88,177
2007	87,840	10,521	16,057	114,418	89,381
2008	88,502	1,826	5,917	96,245	97,310
2009	99,304	552	336	100,192	103,618
2010	91,909	1,302	4,081	97,292	97,910
2011	93,767	2,427	1,445	97,639	98,374
2012	86,793	12,436	13,512	112,741	102,557
2013	98,493	1,035	7,527	107,055	105,812
2014	103,844	848	287	104,979	108,258
2015	107,936	2,964	6,196	117,096	109,710
2016	86,619	12,982	13,992	113,593	111,889
2017	115,425	1,909	1,953	119,287	116,659
2018	111,122	431	61	111,614	114,831
2019	72,365	733	19,721	92,819	107,907
2020	61,354	9,241	7,991	78,586	94,340
2021	76,701	1,677	8,302	86,680	86,028
2022	89,142	1,717	4,871	95,730	86,999
2023	113,420	4,806	19,555	137,781	106,730
2024	48,678	6,986	8,773	64,437	99,316
2025	67,687	1,451	8,067	77,205	93,141

Figure 19: Eastern Population tundra swan abundance in winter. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual counts. The blue dashed reference line is the Councils’ population objective. The red dashed reference lines represent threshold values in the harvest strategy decision and the red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	77,205
3-year indexa	93,141
LTA	97,254
Objective	80,000
% change from LTA	-21
% change from obj	16
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total tundra swans in winter.

Management thresholds:
>110,000 Liberal
>70,000 Moderate
>50,000 Restrictive
Closed

Management prescription: Moderate.

Note that the Restrictive alternative will be prescribed when the most recent moving 3-year average abundance is increasing from below 50,000 to at least 80,000 swans.

Regulatory alternatives:
The permit allocation in the Atlantic Flyway and Central Flyway combined will be:
Liberal
12,000 permits
Moderate
9,600 permits
Restrictive
7,200 permits
Closed

The regulatory alternative for total permits for the Atlantic and Central Flyways combined is prescribed based on the estimated winter population size from monitoring data. The analytical framework derives a recent 3-year average population size estimate and is compared to threshold values in a decision-analysis framework for prescribing the appropriate regulatory alternative. The recent 3-year average population size estimate must exceed the threshold value to change regulations, either more restrictive or liberal. The season is closed when the recent 3-year average winter population estimate is ≤50,000 swans and will remain closed until the estimate is ≥70,000 swans. A restrictive alternative is prescribed when the estimate is >50,000 and ≤70,000 swans and will remain restrictive until the estimate is ≥80,000 swans. A moderate alternative is prescribed when the estimate is >70,000 and ≤110,000 swans. A liberal alternative is prescribed when the estimate is >110,000 swans. Allocation of permits among States must be approved by the Atlantic and Central Flyway Councils and consistent with the Councils’ management plan for this population.

Data Table 17: Tundra Swan, WP

Original data source: Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey and Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) strata in Alaska (i.e., strata 8–11); USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are abundance and standard error (SE) of Western Population tundra swans in spring by survey area including Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey (YKDCZ), WBPHS (strata 8–11), and in total (Total). Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 17. Western Population tundra swan abundance in spring, 1985-2025.

Year	YKDCZ	YKDCZ.SE	WPBHS8	WPBHS8.SE	WPBHS9	WPBHS9.SE	WPBHS10	WPBHS10.SE	WPBHS11	WPBHS11.SE	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1985	25,028	2,558	18,509	8,250	38,639	7,373	8,388	6,631	4,235	1,304	94,799	13,215	NA	NA
1986	21,844	2,023	11,837	2,690	28,690	3,262	4,538	2,230	3,901	1,640	70,809	5,443	NA	NA
1987	20,693	2,976	17,863	7,932	31,298	6,747	3,162	876	3,901	925	76,918	10,905	80,842	10,379
1988	23,057	2,747	9,470	1,722	44,725	13,356	3,162	1,243	2,564	1,004	82,977	13,836	76,901	10,646
1989	32,517	6,596	34,004	14,213	25,792	2,457	9,762	7,974	6,019	1,073	108,095	17,784	89,330	14,453
1990	26,567	4,216	9,685	2,059	44,338	6,999	7,288	5,140	23,518	17,544	111,396	20,130	100,822	17,445
1991	17,692	1,936	15,388	2,754	31,008	3,728	14,575	13,127	6,130	1,488	84,793	14,134	101,428	17,524
1992	18,150	1,951	15,603	3,133	28,303	2,437	4,538	419	5,684	1,683	72,278	4,751	89,489	14,463
1993	19,375	1,535	10,223	2,195	40,281	12,709	4,400	795	5,127	1,344	79,406	13,082	78,826	11,452
1994	18,274	1,315	10,115	2,461	46,367	6,427	3,988	2,342	4,793	1,652	83,536	7,570	78,407	9,147
1995	21,934	1,859	20,230	9,937	67,425	32,418	5,362	2,313	4,458	1,226	119,410	34,058	94,118	21,513
1996	22,418	1,452	13,666	2,730	61,243	18,793	6,462	1,510	6,130	1,664	109,921	19,178	104,289	22,986
1997	27,594	3,180	13,128	3,858	52,549	6,482	7,700	3,368	13,152	6,343	114,123	10,891	114,485	23,426
1998	42,255	4,576	13,882	3,453	53,225	6,888	8,662	6,096	17,722	8,298	135,746	13,650	119,930	14,975
1999	23,709	1,400	14,635	3,995	52,282	11,168	8,112	3,747	8,471	2,325	107,209	12,732	119,026	12,477
2000	26,244	2,880	16,357	3,827	48,615	9,665	7,288	2,811	10,143	4,606	108,646	12,061	117,200	12,831
2001	21,548	1,707	14,420	4,443	39,588	3,118	10,175	5,533	7,914	2,166	93,644	8,227	103,166	11,184
2002	28,999	4,080	17,755	6,158	49,931	11,949	8,112	2,516	11,926	4,277	116,724	14,899	106,338	12,043
2003	21,994	2,295	14,850	2,025	41,938	5,492	8,250	4,111	8,582	2,278	95,614	7,850	101,994	10,821
2004	25,360	2,242	13,236	4,315	51,718	18,588	8,800	3,709	11,703	4,660	110,817	20,116	107,718	15,146
2005	23,361	2,532	24,104	12,840	63,002	16,405	5,500	1,495	6,688	1,532	122,654	21,094	109,695	17,428
2006	30,880	2,552	17,755	4,513	62,531	11,460	4,125	1,044	8,694	2,786	123,985	12,925	119,152	18,409
2007	29,457	3,576	15,926	8,706	80,115	19,499	11,825	1,269	17,388	4,377	154,711	22,126	133,784	19,163
2008	31,597	3,396	12,805	4,762	87,268	27,624	7,150	3,181	35,778	16,039	174,598	32,629	151,098	23,953
2009	26,494	2,583	13,451	5,407	46,922	3,030	7,838	2,954	12,260	2,550	106,965	7,767	145,425	23,199
2010	36,408	4,446	8,286	1,527	44,853	3,993	10,725	6,359	9,920	1,715	110,192	9,023	130,585	20,053
2011	28,846	2,734	15,280	5,950	54,727	14,286	8,800	2,877	11,703	3,368	119,356	16,327	112,171	11,667
2012	38,902	5,582	10,223	851	48,709	6,999	7,425	2,583	9,697	1,324	114,955	9,449	114,834	12,073
2013	18,879	1,692	21,091	14,798	46,264	8,361	9,212	2,811	14,155	3,321	109,602	17,626	114,638	14,906
2014	26,133	4,020	12,267	3,097	43,819	7,785	6,188	3,121	8,471	3,116	96,877	10,287	107,145	12,985
2015	18,953	3,191	13,882	2,597	60,400	16,883	7,379	3,338	24,744	13,327	125,357	22,152	110,612	17,390
2016	29,918	4,511	8,071	1,571	77,388	45,172	6,738	1,945	11,146	3,471	133,261	45,598	118,498	29,865
2017	27,133	4,142	9,225	3,025	39,186	5,270	22,825	12,749	9,028	2,001	107,398	14,853	122,005	30,499
2018	32,531	4,531	12,698	4,524	87,262	24,870	4,675	2,478	14,824	5,142	151,990	26,308	130,883	31,580
2019	34,669	4,633	7,425	1,643	43,819	10,141	5,362	3,112	9,808	2,089	101,084	11,877	120,157	18,742
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	31,018	2,683	13,559	8,110	45,700	8,149	7,379	6,518	21,846	11,630	119,501	17,808	124,192	19,581
2022	27,423	3,150	11,837	3,123	38,177	4,378	7,700	4,260	15,158	7,539	100,295	10,669	106,960	13,808
2023	16,443	952	7,748	1,671	33,099	7,442	4,400	3,186	10,700	3,506	72,390	9,029	97,396	13,070
2024	19,266	1,085	6,513	2,400	31,219	5,841	3,850	635	12,889	3,543	73,736	7,349	82,141	9,117
2025	20,608	1,923	12,698	5,503	20,499	3,305	4,400	2,707	14,712	11,785	72,917	13,824	73,015	10,435

Figure 20: Western Population tundra swan abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s minimum population objective.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	72,917	13,824	45,821	100,013
3-year indexa	73,015	10,435	52,563	93,466
LTA	107,584
Objective	60,000
% change from LTA	-32
% change from obj	22
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total tundra swans in spring.

Management thresholds:
≥60,000 Standard
Restrictive

Management prescription: Standard.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 18: Sandhill Crane, MP

Original data source: Photo-corrected annual spring survey along the Platte River of Nebraska; USFWS Headquarters. Data maintained by USFWS Headquarters.

Provided in the table below are abundance (Estimate) and standard error (SE) of Midcontinent Population sandhill cranes in spring. Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 18. U.S. Midcontinent Population sandhill crane abundance in spring, 1982-2025.

Year	Estimate	SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1982	417,263	42,331	NA	NA
1983	343,378	31,674	NA	NA
1984	261,802	24,198	340,814	33,569
1985	514,763	49,650	373,314	36,760
1986	353,040	37,340	376,535	38,492
1987	416,058	65,588	427,954	52,157
1988	463,457	53,213	410,852	53,316
1989	391,995	51,349	423,837	57,068
1990	412,154	50,496	422,535	51,698
1991	340,645	33,897	381,598	45,955
1992	406,457	50,644	386,419	45,693
1993	378,883	50,454	375,328	45,678
1994	477,215	50,910	420,852	50,670
1995	326,181	35,256	394,093	46,117
1996	519,984	62,582	441,127	50,831
1997	534,630	86,889	460,265	65,088
1998	530,848	79,164	528,487	76,883
1999	284,858	35,599	450,112	70,908
2000	490,118	71,754	435,275	65,020
2001	413,498	64,221	396,158	59,274
2002	315,044	42,218	406,220	60,705
2003	348,023	41,263	358,855	50,363
2004	426,534	43,337	363,200	42,281
2005	491,915	47,392	422,157	44,071
2006	216,810	18,054	378,420	38,514
2007	384,118	39,637	364,281	37,162
2008	545,884	76,107	382,271	50,627
2009	565,257	50,923	498,420	57,609
2010	691,534	85,236	600,892	72,228
2011	482,797	44,851	579,863	62,902
2012	339,642	31,609	504,658	58,526
2013	867,061	126,196	563,167	79,448
2014	617,903	60,551	608,202	82,847
2015	386,471	49,504	623,812	85,718
2016	405,716	44,935	470,030	52,078
2017	568,369	72,987	453,519	57,146
2018	1,005,612	105,654	659,899	78,547
2019	945,996	133,127	839,992	106,791
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	782,462	309,357	911,357	203,787
2022	685,476	85,473	804,645	200,608
2023	1,259,199	159,840	909,046	207,007
2024	420,840	66,572	788,505	111,484
2025	1,406,071	344,510	1,028,703	222,612

Figure 21: Midcontinent Population sandhill crane abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference lines represent the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective range.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	1,406,071	344,510	730,831	2,081,311
3-year indexa	1,028,703	222,612	592,385	1,465,022
LTA	500,712
Objective	412,500
% change from LTA	181
% change from obj	149
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Sandhill cranes in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Data Table 19: Sandhill Crane, RMP

Original data source: Rocky Mountain Population (RMP) Sandhill Cranes Fall (September) Staging Area Survey and RMP Cranes Fall (October) Recruitment Survey; USFWS Headquarters and USFWS Southwest Region. Data maintained by USFWS Headquarters, USFWS Southwest Region, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance of Rocky Mountain Population sandhill cranes in fall by state (Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado) and in total (Total) and the age ratio (AgeRatio) of juvenile to adult (% juveniles in the population) sandhill cranes in fall. Also provided are the moving 3-year average total abundance (M3yrTotal) and age ratio (M3yrRatio). Additionally provided is allowable harvest (Allowable) based on the Pacific and Central Flyway Councils’ harvest strategy. The current year allowable harvest by state is provided in a subsequent table below.

Table 19. Rocky Mountain Population sandhill crane abundance in fall, 1987-2024.

Year	ID	MT	WY	UT	CO	Total	M3yrTotal	AgeRatio	M3yrRatio	Allowable
1987	10,686	1,447	2,327	1,578	1,443	17,481	NA	5.40	6.73	NA
1988	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1989	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1990	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1991	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1992	5,801	5,264	2,248	2,810	3,181	19,304	NA	5.20	5.67	NA
1993	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1994	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1995	6,864	3,681	1,671	1,528	2,284	16,028	17,604	6.40	5.47	513
1996	8,334	2,974	2,526	1,849	1,255	16,938	17,423	9.40	6.57	591
1997	8,132	3,595	2,255	2,450	1,604	18,036	17,001	9.70	8.50	693
1998	8,067	3,415	3,162	2,185	1,273	18,102	17,692	11.20	10.10	966
1999	8,761	3,141	4,205	2,292	1,102	19,501	18,546	8.40	9.77	1,128
2000	9,337	3,598	3,890	2,416	749	19,990	19,198	6.70	8.77	1,163
2001	7,160	4,585	2,626	1,522	666	16,559	18,683	5.80	6.97	829
2002	7,698	4,843	3,038	1,869	1,355	18,803	18,451	5.20	5.90	668
2003	7,822	4,964	3,446	2,546	745	19,523	18,295	7.10	6.03	660
2004	7,152	4,637	3,072	2,239	1,410	18,510	18,945	9.40	7.23	910
2005	7,668	5,588	3,911	2,646	1,052	20,865	19,633	10.80	9.10	1,320
2006	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2007	8,262	6,509	3,907	2,401	1,743	22,822	20,732	8.30	9.67	1,744
2008	6,123	6,419	3,826	3,708	1,080	21,156	21,614	9.10	9.10	1,940
2009	6,934	6,329	3,613	2,283	1,162	20,321	21,433	11.50	9.63	1,985
2010	5,776	7,335	3,726	3,242	985	21,064	20,847	8.35	9.65	1,780
2011	5,029	6,642	2,978	1,498	1,347	17,494	19,626	6.55	8.80	1,275
2012	3,432	5,876	3,587	2,109	413	15,417	17,992	7.79	7.56	774
2013	5,228	7,218	3,588	2,732	1,594	20,360	17,757	6.58	6.97	677
2014	6,064	6,555	3,008	2,783	1,258	19,668	18,482	10.31	8.23	937
2015	6,454	9,493	3,596	3,698	1,089	24,330	21,453	11.34	9.41	1,946
2016	5,445	7,507	4,879	3,298	1,135	22,264	22,087	8.84	10.16	2,362
2017	4,066	7,149	3,725	2,994	1,658	19,592	22,062	7.93	9.37	2,168
2018	4,469	7,553	5,101	2,770	1,908	21,801	21,219	7.90	8.22	1,628
2019	4,428	7,511	4,366	3,106	1,879	21,290	20,894	8.92	8.25	1,536
2020	5,096	9,264	6,608	3,222	1,446	25,636	22,909	9.70	8.84	2,378
2021	3,091	7,783	6,059	3,889	3,141	23,963	23,630	8.75	9.12	2,778
2022	3,957	6,844	3,975	2,330	1,526	18,632	22,744	10.78	9.74	2,546
2023	4,200	10,169	5,527	5,631	1,740	27,267	23,287	11.87	10.47	3,006
2024	5,432	7,280	5,952	4,824	1,421	24,909	23,603	9.34	10.66	3,232

Figure 22: Rocky Mountain Population sandhill crane abundance in fall. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective. The red dashed reference line is the restriction threshold in the harvest strategy decision.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	24,909
3-year indexa	23,603
LTA	20,091
Objective	19,000
% change from LTA	24
% change from obj	24
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total sandhill cranes in spring.

Management thresholds:
≥15,000 Standard
Restrictive

Management prescription: Standard.

Regulatory alternatives:
Standard
State allocation of allowable harvest according to the formula in the Councils’ management plan
Restrictive
Hunting may be permitted to meet specific management objectives, including alleviation of localized crop damage and distribution concerns

Total allowable harvest for the 2025 hunting season: 3,232 cranes.

Note that the Management prescription and allowable harvest applies to the 2025 hunting season.

State allowable harvest allocations for the 2025 hunting season.

State	Allowable
Idaho	324
Montana	611
Wyoming	414
Utah	399
Colorado	0
Arizona	238
New Mexico	1,135
Mexico	110

Data Table 20: Band-tailed Pigeon, Interior

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of Interior band-tailed pigeons in spring. Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 20. Interior band-tailed pigeon abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1967	0.64	0.26	2.42	NA
1968	0.64	0.26	2.40	NA
1969	0.62	0.26	2.11	0.63
1970	0.61	0.26	2.02	0.62
1971	0.61	0.27	2.00	0.61
1972	0.60	0.27	1.83	0.60
1973	0.57	0.27	1.62	0.59
1974	0.56	0.27	1.51	0.57
1975	0.54	0.26	1.37	0.56
1976	0.53	0.26	1.29	0.54
1977	0.51	0.26	1.18	0.53
1978	0.50	0.26	1.10	0.51
1979	0.49	0.25	1.03	0.50
1980	0.47	0.25	0.97	0.49
1981	0.46	0.25	0.92	0.47
1982	0.44	0.24	0.88	0.46
1983	0.44	0.24	0.87	0.45
1984	0.43	0.24	0.83	0.44
1985	0.41	0.23	0.80	0.43
1986	0.41	0.23	0.77	0.42
1987	0.41	0.23	0.76	0.41
1988	0.40	0.23	0.74	0.41
1989	0.40	0.23	0.73	0.40
1990	0.39	0.23	0.71	0.40
1991	0.39	0.23	0.69	0.39
1992	0.38	0.23	0.67	0.39
1993	0.39	0.24	0.68	0.39
1994	0.40	0.24	0.70	0.39
1995	0.40	0.24	0.70	0.40
1996	0.38	0.23	0.66	0.39
1997	0.36	0.22	0.61	0.38
1998	0.34	0.21	0.59	0.36
1999	0.32	0.20	0.56	0.34
2000	0.30	0.19	0.53	0.32
2001	0.28	0.18	0.49	0.30
2002	0.27	0.17	0.46	0.29
2003	0.26	0.16	0.46	0.27
2004	0.26	0.16	0.45	0.26
2005	0.26	0.16	0.46	0.26
2006	0.25	0.15	0.43	0.26
2007	0.24	0.15	0.42	0.25
2008	0.24	0.15	0.40	0.24
2009	0.23	0.14	0.38	0.24
2010	0.21	0.13	0.35	0.22
2011	0.20	0.12	0.34	0.21
2012	0.19	0.12	0.33	0.20
2013	0.19	0.11	0.32	0.19
2014	0.18	0.11	0.31	0.19
2015	0.18	0.11	0.31	0.18
2016	0.18	0.11	0.31	0.18
2017	0.18	0.11	0.31	0.18
2018	0.18	0.11	0.31	0.18
2019	0.18	0.11	0.32	0.18
2020	0.18	0.11	0.32	0.18
2021	0.18	0.10	0.33	0.18
2022	0.18	0.10	0.33	0.18
2023	0.18	0.10	0.34	0.18
2024	0.18	0.10	0.35	0.18

Figure 23: Interior band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	0.18		0.1	0.35
3-year indexa	0.18
LTA	0.36
Objective
% change from LTA	-49.53
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1.00
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Band-tailed pigeons per route in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Regulations fixed until changed.

Figure 24: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in Arizona in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 25: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in New Mexico in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 26: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in Colorado in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 27: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in Utah in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 21: Band-tailed Pigeon, Pacific Coast (summer)

Original data source: Pacific Flyway Cooperative Pacific Coast Band-tailed Pigeon Mineral Site Survey; British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Data maintained by USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per mineral site) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons in spring. Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (M3yrL95%CI, M3yrU95%CI).

Table 21. Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance in spring, 2004-2025.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr	M3yrL95%CI	M3yrU95%CI
2004	157.7	119.7	214.2	NA	NA	NA
2005	167.0	128.8	223.8	NA	NA	NA
2006	168.8	131.6	223.0	164.7	128.7	216.8
2007	164.1	129.0	217.2	166.8	131.8	217.8
2008	164.2	128.7	214.3	165.8	131.9	215.0
2009	161.9	126.8	210.9	163.5	130.3	211.1
2010	152.8	119.8	198.5	159.8	127.4	204.9
2011	165.3	131.3	214.8	160.1	128.2	205.2
2012	158.9	125.6	207.9	159.1	127.8	204.2
2013	171.7	136.3	220.3	165.4	133.4	211.3
2014	178.2	141.2	229.5	169.8	136.6	216.0
2015	177.7	142.1	227.1	176.0	142.0	222.7
2016	187.3	149.6	239.1	181.3	146.7	228.6
2017	170.1	136.9	216.7	178.6	145.1	224.3
2018	180.7	145.2	232.4	179.5	146.5	225.8
2019	191.5	153.6	247.1	181.0	147.6	228.6
2020	193.3	154.9	247.9	188.7	153.8	238.7
2021	199.3	159.4	255.8	194.9	158.6	246.4
2022	188.2	150.3	241.0	193.7	157.6	244.6
2023	182.6	147.0	233.0	190.1	154.7	239.7
2024	189.1	150.3	241.7	186.7	151.5	235.7
2025	206.3	165.3	263.6	192.8	156.6	242.8

Figure 28: Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in summer. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The red dashed reference line is the harvest strategy threshold for restrictive seasons and thered reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	206.30		165.3	263.6
3-year indexa	192.80		156.6	242.8
LTA	174.78
Objective	164.60		130.1	214.4
% change from LTA	18.03
% change from obj	17.13
Mgmt index (n years)	3.00
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Band-tailed pigeons per mineral site in summer.

Management thresholds:
≥205.8 Standard
≥123.4 Restrictive
Closed

Management prescription: Restrictive.

Note that once the season is closed, the Restrictive alternative will be prescribed when ≤80% of the PPD for the recent 3-year mean abundance is ≤139.9 (15% below the population objective).

Regulatory alternatives:
Standard
4-bird daily bag limit, 9-day season
Restrictive
2-bird daily bag limit, 9-day season
Closed

The decision is based on ≥80% of the distribution of the moving 3-year average above or below the thresholds (mean of the first 5 years of the survey +/- 25%). The decision here was calculated based on an approximation of the distribution of the recent moving 3-year average; see the USFWS harvest memo for more accurate evaluation of the distribution. Once the season is closed, an open season may be prescribed when ≤80% of the PPD for the recent 3-year mean abundance is ≤15% below the population objective (effectively the threshold between a closed and restrictive season is moved up 10% to reduce the likelihood of toggling between open and closed seasons annually).

Figure 29: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in British Columbia in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 30: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in Washington in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 31: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in Oregon in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 32: Band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in California in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average..

Data Table 22: Mourning Dove, WMU (summer)

Original data source: State and Federal mourning dove banding programs; State-Federal cooperative Harvest Information Program and Parts Collection Survey; and USGS NA Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). Data maintained by each cooperator and the USFWS Headquarters.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Estimate) and lower and upper credible intervals (LCI, UCI) of Western Management Unit Population mourning doves in summer. The level of confidence for credible intervals (CI%) is either 95% or 70%. Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr). Estimates of abundance are based on an integrated population model combining banding, harvest, and BBS data. The future year abundance prediction (Pred; where the prediction value = 1) are based on the average of the previous 3 years with 70% and 95% confidence intervals estimated from the integrated population model.

Table 22. Western Management Unit Population mourning dove abundance in summer, 2007-2025.

Year	Estimate	LCI	UCI	Pred	CI%	M3yr
2007	64,679,069	47,372,141	81,644,953	0	95	NA
2008	55,780,296	40,844,391	70,999,099	0	95	NA
2009	55,806,307	40,547,863	70,720,565	0	95	58,755,224
2010	55,156,259	40,282,401	69,786,958	0	95	55,580,954
2011	52,348,701	38,129,066	66,827,505	0	95	54,437,089
2012	49,833,005	36,241,672	63,244,608	0	95	52,445,988
2013	45,876,176	33,531,643	58,208,835	0	95	49,352,627
2014	50,639,352	37,130,176	64,420,092	0	95	48,782,844
2015	54,225,986	39,383,243	69,167,611	0	95	50,247,171
2016	44,104,136	32,184,622	56,222,338	0	95	49,656,491
2017	41,734,567	30,316,542	53,236,130	0	95	46,688,229
2018	44,243,107	32,219,025	56,221,918	0	95	43,360,603
2019	39,297,143	28,620,519	50,224,561	0	95	41,758,272
2020	38,764,451	28,112,521	49,513,142	0	95	40,768,234
2021	44,916,184	32,758,446	57,408,007	0	95	40,992,593
2022	51,170,144	37,023,903	65,347,696	0	95	44,950,260
2023	53,890,669	38,939,948	69,363,631	0	95	49,992,332
2024	53,939,786	39,016,143	69,428,350	0	95	53,000,200
2025	53,180,215	45,927,181	60,396,607	1	70	NA
2025	53,180,215	39,262,094	68,457,203	1	95	NA

Figure 33: Western Management Unit Population mourning dove abundance in summer. Black circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals while red circles are predictions based on the average of the previous 3 years with 70% and 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average. The red dashed reference line is the harvest strategy threshold where restrictions are considered and the red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Abundance	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	53,939,786		39,016,143	69,428,350
3-year indexa	53,000,200
LTA	49,872,497
Objective
% change from LTA	8
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	3
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Mourning doves in summer.

Management thresholds:
>19,300,000 Standard
≥11,600,000 Restrictive
Closed

Management prescription: Standard.

See also the national mourning dove harvest strategy assessment memo for the decision.

Regulatory alternatives:
Standard
Season length is 60 days, bracket dates are September 1 and January 15, and the daily bag limit is 15 doves
Restrictive
Season length is 60 days, bracket dates are September 1 and January 15, and the daily bag limit is 10 doves
Closed

The posterior probability distribution of the predicted abundance is used in a decision-analysis framework for setting harvest regulations relative to threshold abundance values. The harvest strategy requires that 85% of the distribution (confidence in the parameter estimate) be above the critical abundance threshold to prescribe a specific regulatory alternative. This corresponds to the lower credible interval (CI) of the central 70% distribution for the parameter estimate. Thus, if the lower 70% CI for the predicted abundance falls below the critical abundance threshold value, then the more restrictive regulatory alternative is prescribed. Using the lower credible interval provides incentive to reduce uncertainty in parameter estimation (the spread in the posterior probability distribution) by maintaining and improving monitoring programs. The greater the uncertainty in the parameter estimate, the more frequently a restrictive regulatory alternative likely will be prescribed because one is less confident that the parameter is above the threshold value. Threshold values based on the unit’s approximated maximum sustained yield. In the Western Management Unit, the Restrictive season threshold is at 50% MSY (19.3 million doves) and the Closed season threshold is at 30% MSY (11.6 million doves).

Data Table 23: White-winged Dove, WMU

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of Western Management Unit white-winged doves in spring. Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and lower and upper 95% confidence intervals (M3yrL95%CI, M3yrU95%CI). In the Western Management Unit, white-winged doves primarily occur in Arizona and California.

Table 23. Western Management Unit Population white-winged dove abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr	M3yrL95%CI	M3yrU95%CI
1968	71.43	43.19	121.69	NA	NA	NA
1969	71.01	43.22	120.06	NA	NA	NA
1970	70.72	43.43	119.06	71.05	43.51	119.29
1971	70.40	43.78	117.71	70.73	43.80	117.94
1972	70.04	43.94	116.79	70.35	43.85	117.51
1973	69.47	43.69	114.68	70.03	44.34	116.12
1974	69.46	44.16	114.12	69.74	44.20	114.45
1975	68.86	43.98	112.18	69.35	44.14	113.44
1976	68.77	44.44	111.25	69.08	44.52	111.76
1977	68.61	44.29	110.10	68.81	44.60	110.78
1978	68.21	44.42	108.68	68.54	44.77	109.53
1979	67.51	44.34	104.83	68.10	44.80	107.27
1980	66.76	44.06	103.09	67.46	44.48	104.78
1981	66.60	44.21	103.16	66.98	44.41	103.26
1982	65.99	43.87	102.53	66.50	44.30	102.60
1983	65.93	44.23	103.06	66.22	44.35	102.49
1984	66.43	44.89	102.82	66.07	44.63	102.06
1985	66.73	45.03	103.35	66.41	45.05	102.40
1986	67.32	45.46	103.45	66.85	45.54	102.91
1987	67.48	45.65	103.40	67.20	45.69	102.74
1988	67.40	45.44	102.62	67.41	45.79	102.88
1989	67.92	46.06	102.94	67.66	46.04	102.62
1990	67.28	45.75	101.73	67.56	46.16	101.85
1991	66.86	45.63	101.34	67.39	46.33	101.52
1992	67.44	46.19	101.16	67.24	46.31	100.67
1993	67.33	46.22	100.76	67.21	46.29	100.19
1994	67.34	46.45	100.31	67.47	46.65	100.20
1995	68.26	47.36	101.73	67.69	47.11	100.39
1996	69.72	48.34	102.82	68.40	47.77	100.89
1997	70.75	49.22	104.27	69.58	48.56	102.30
1998	71.49	49.78	105.00	70.68	49.46	103.69
1999	72.16	50.48	105.84	71.52	50.19	104.44
2000	74.50	52.20	109.71	72.75	51.15	106.05
2001	75.35	52.93	111.77	74.09	52.28	108.31
2002	76.05	53.18	112.41	75.38	53.01	110.76
2003	75.21	52.59	111.30	75.52	53.07	111.44
2004	74.94	52.23	110.92	75.49	52.90	111.48
2005	74.39	51.80	110.39	74.88	52.46	110.34
2006	73.90	51.30	109.48	74.42	52.16	110.01
2007	73.53	51.33	109.11	73.95	51.81	109.41
2008	73.53	51.11	109.16	73.65	51.72	108.95
2009	72.38	50.23	107.41	73.23	51.20	108.48
2010	69.91	48.93	103.94	72.00	50.24	106.54
2011	69.00	48.18	102.36	70.46	49.59	103.64
2012	68.28	47.52	101.64	69.14	48.53	102.14
2013	66.85	46.41	99.51	68.13	47.77	100.68
2014	66.32	46.32	98.57	67.27	47.15	99.19
2015	65.79	45.94	97.55	66.30	46.59	97.98
2016	64.76	45.17	95.99	65.62	46.13	96.76
2017	65.02	45.66	96.63	65.18	45.91	96.09
2018	65.85	45.88	98.05	65.34	45.86	96.45
2019	66.51	46.01	99.20	65.88	46.06	97.35
2020	68.35	46.85	102.45	67.01	46.55	99.31
2021	70.17	48.18	105.31	68.51	47.38	101.98
2022	72.66	49.48	110.58	70.39	48.48	105.70
2023	74.38	49.94	114.49	72.47	49.50	110.01
2024	75.12	50.38	117.92	74.05	50.31	113.80

Figure 34: Western Management Unit Population white-winged dove abundance (index) in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average with 70% confidence intervals and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. red dashed reference lines represent threshold values in the harvest strategy decision and the red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	75.12		50.38	117.92
3-year indexa	74.05		50.31	113.80
LTA	69.45
Objective	50.00
% change from LTA	8.16
% change from obj	48.10
Mgmt index (n years)	3.00
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Total white-winged doves per route in spring.

Management thresholds:
≥34.0 Standard
≥20.4 Restrictive
≥13.6 Very Restrictive
Closed

Management prescription: Standard.

Regulatory alternatives:
Standard
Season length is 60 days, bracket dates are September 1 and January 15, and the daily bag limit is 15 doves in the aggregate
Restrictive
Season length is 60 days, bracket dates are September 1 and January 15, and the daily bag limit is 10 doves in the aggregate
Very restrictive
Season length is 60 days, bracket dates are September 1 and January 15, and the daily bag limit is 2 doves in the aggregate

The harvest strategy is based on the lower 70% credible interval of the most recent moving 3-year average abundance, which corresponds to 85% of the distribution above the lower 70% credible interval. Threshold values for each alternative are based on the percentage (≥50%, ≥30%, and ≥20% of the long-term average index of abundance modeled from BBS data for white-winged doves in the WMU during 1968–2022 (about 67.993).

The most liberal open season alternative is prescribed when 85% confidence (lower 70% credible interval) in the most recent moving 3-year average BBS index is above the threshold. A closed season is prescribed when either the above conditions for an open season are not met or when the season for the Western Management Unit Population of mourning doves is closed.

Figure 35: White-winged dove abundance (index) in spring in Arizona. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 36: White-winged dove abundance (index) in spring in California. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 24a: American Coot

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of American coots in spring in the United States (BBS Core area). Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 24a. American coot abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1966	3.46	1.65	12.67	NA
1967	2.99	1.77	6.74	NA
1968	2.25	1.41	4.86	2.90
1969	2.74	1.76	5.21	2.66
1970	2.19	1.44	3.90	2.39
1971	2.45	1.61	4.27	2.46
1972	2.61	1.73	4.40	2.42
1973	2.49	1.67	4.09	2.52
1974	2.52	1.67	4.24	2.54
1975	2.70	1.73	4.68	2.57
1976	2.60	1.71	4.37	2.60
1977	2.27	1.58	3.76	2.52
1978	3.17	2.14	5.10	2.68
1979	3.70	2.44	6.09	3.05
1980	2.50	1.79	3.67	3.12
1981	2.37	1.69	3.59	2.86
1982	3.04	2.16	4.60	2.64
1983	3.21	2.28	4.81	2.87
1984	3.69	2.49	5.89	3.31
1985	3.56	2.39	5.87	3.49
1986	3.04	2.05	5.16	3.43
1987	2.88	1.99	4.65	3.16
1988	2.01	1.40	3.29	2.64
1989	1.57	1.15	2.43	2.15
1990	1.33	0.96	2.21	1.64
1991	1.33	0.94	2.25	1.41
1992	1.33	0.98	1.99	1.33
1993	2.33	1.54	4.12	1.66
1994	3.55	2.37	5.71	2.40
1995	4.84	3.17	7.74	3.57
1996	5.67	3.72	9.03	4.69
1997	5.81	3.85	9.09	5.44
1998	5.43	3.64	8.58	5.64
1999	5.07	3.40	8.01	5.44
2000	3.54	2.40	5.50	4.68
2001	2.75	1.89	4.15	3.79
2002	2.01	1.38	3.04	2.76
2003	1.35	0.99	1.94	2.03
2004	1.33	0.96	1.95	1.56
2005	1.20	0.88	1.81	1.29
2006	1.30	0.93	2.14	1.28
2007	2.17	1.46	3.48	1.56
2008	2.04	1.38	3.23	1.84
2009	2.74	1.84	4.27	2.32
2010	3.12	2.09	4.86	2.63
2011	2.90	1.93	4.53	2.92
2012	2.21	1.51	3.36	2.75
2013	2.70	1.79	4.32	2.61
2014	2.13	1.45	3.28	2.35
2015	1.74	1.22	2.59	2.19
2016	1.20	0.88	1.70	1.69
2017	1.18	0.87	1.66	1.37
2018	1.52	1.09	2.18	1.30
2019	1.81	1.25	2.78	1.50
2020	1.50	0.93	2.88	1.61
2021	1.24	0.85	1.89	1.52
2022	1.55	1.04	2.43	1.43
2023	1.45	0.98	2.29	1.42
2024	1.40	0.95	2.15	1.47

Figure 37: American coot abundance (index) in the United States in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	1.40		0.95	2.15
3-year indexa	1.47
LTA	2.58
Objective
% change from LTA	-45.68
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1.00
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: American coots per route in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Fixed until changed.

Data Table 24b: Wilson’s Snipe

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of Wilson’s snipe in spring in the United States (BBS Core area). Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 24b. Wilson's snipe abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1966	1.56	1.25	1.96	NA
1967	1.53	1.25	1.91	NA
1968	1.54	1.28	1.88	1.54
1969	1.59	1.33	1.91	1.56
1970	1.66	1.40	1.97	1.60
1971	1.70	1.45	2.01	1.65
1972	1.66	1.42	1.95	1.67
1973	1.76	1.52	2.05	1.71
1974	1.92	1.66	2.23	1.78
1975	2.14	1.86	2.49	1.94
1976	1.89	1.65	2.18	1.98
1977	1.84	1.61	2.12	1.96
1978	1.93	1.69	2.23	1.89
1979	2.05	1.80	2.37	1.94
1980	2.00	1.75	2.30	1.99
1981	2.13	1.87	2.46	2.06
1982	2.26	1.98	2.59	2.13
1983	2.33	2.07	2.67	2.24
1984	2.41	2.14	2.75	2.33
1985	2.33	2.06	2.65	2.36
1986	2.18	1.93	2.47	2.31
1987	2.08	1.85	2.36	2.19
1988	1.99	1.77	2.25	2.08
1989	2.01	1.80	2.26	2.03
1990	1.91	1.70	2.16	1.97
1991	1.85	1.65	2.08	1.92
1992	1.81	1.62	2.04	1.86
1993	1.89	1.70	2.13	1.85
1994	1.92	1.72	2.16	1.87
1995	1.96	1.76	2.20	1.92
1996	2.02	1.81	2.27	1.96
1997	2.18	1.95	2.46	2.05
1998	2.25	2.01	2.54	2.15
1999	2.37	2.11	2.67	2.26
2000	2.27	2.02	2.55	2.29
2001	2.26	2.02	2.55	2.30
2002	2.20	1.96	2.49	2.24
2003	2.10	1.88	2.36	2.18
2004	2.10	1.88	2.38	2.13
2005	2.05	1.83	2.32	2.08
2006	1.88	1.68	2.12	2.01
2007	1.98	1.77	2.23	1.97
2008	1.95	1.75	2.20	1.94
2009	1.92	1.71	2.16	1.95
2010	2.16	1.92	2.47	2.01
2011	2.19	1.92	2.53	2.09
2012	1.90	1.67	2.19	2.08
2013	2.13	1.86	2.48	2.07
2014	2.19	1.91	2.57	2.07
2015	2.02	1.77	2.36	2.11
2016	1.87	1.66	2.16	2.03
2017	1.81	1.61	2.08	1.90
2018	1.94	1.72	2.22	1.88
2019	2.16	1.90	2.49	1.97
2020	1.89	1.62	2.27	2.00
2021	1.67	1.47	1.90	1.90
2022	1.91	1.67	2.22	1.82
2023	1.78	1.56	2.06	1.78
2024	1.81	1.58	2.10	1.83

Figure 38: Wilson’s snipe abundance (index) in the United States in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	1.81		1.58	2.1
3-year indexa	1.83
LTA	1.98
Objective
% change from LTA	-8.77
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1.00
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Wilson’s snipe per route in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Fixed until changed.

Data Table 24c: Virginia Rail

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of Virginia rails in spring in the United States (BBS Core area). Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 24c. Virginia rail abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1966	0.02	0.01	0.04	NA
1967	0.02	0.01	0.03	NA
1968	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.02
1969	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1970	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1971	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1972	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1973	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1974	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.02
1975	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.02
1976	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1977	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1978	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1979	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1980	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1981	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1982	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1983	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1984	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1985	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1986	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02
1987	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01
1988	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01
1989	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01
1990	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01
1991	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1992	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1993	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1994	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02
1995	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
1996	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1997	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1998	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
1999	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2000	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2001	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2002	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2003	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2004	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2005	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2006	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2007	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2008	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2009	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2010	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.02
2011	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.02
2012	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.03
2013	0.03	0.02	0.05	0.03
2014	0.04	0.03	0.05	0.03
2015	0.03	0.02	0.05	0.03
2016	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.03
2017	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.03
2018	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2019	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2020	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2021	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2022	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2023	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
2024	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02

Figure 39: Virginia rail abundance (index) in the United States in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	0.02		0.02	0.03
3-year indexa	0.02
LTA	0.02
Objective
% change from LTA	17.73
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1.00
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Virginia rails per route in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Fixed until changed.

Data Table 24d: Sora

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of sora in spring in the United States (BBS Core area). Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 24d. Sora abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1966	0.27	0.16	0.92	NA
1967	0.24	0.17	0.40	NA
1968	0.32	0.22	0.50	0.28
1969	0.32	0.23	0.49	0.29
1970	0.28	0.20	0.42	0.31
1971	0.33	0.24	0.49	0.31
1972	0.45	0.32	0.67	0.35
1973	0.29	0.22	0.41	0.36
1974	0.31	0.23	0.45	0.35
1975	0.36	0.25	0.56	0.32
1976	0.20	0.15	0.27	0.29
1977	0.19	0.15	0.26	0.25
1978	0.25	0.19	0.34	0.21
1979	0.24	0.19	0.33	0.23
1980	0.24	0.19	0.32	0.24
1981	0.26	0.20	0.35	0.25
1982	0.30	0.23	0.41	0.27
1983	0.30	0.23	0.40	0.28
1984	0.37	0.28	0.51	0.32
1985	0.30	0.23	0.41	0.32
1986	0.29	0.23	0.39	0.32
1987	0.31	0.24	0.43	0.30
1988	0.19	0.15	0.24	0.27
1989	0.17	0.14	0.21	0.22
1990	0.19	0.15	0.24	0.18
1991	0.20	0.16	0.26	0.19
1992	0.22	0.18	0.28	0.20
1993	0.43	0.33	0.58	0.28
1994	0.69	0.50	0.96	0.45
1995	0.89	0.65	1.23	0.67
1996	0.53	0.40	0.72	0.70
1997	0.50	0.38	0.69	0.64
1998	0.43	0.32	0.57	0.49
1999	0.49	0.37	0.67	0.47
2000	0.33	0.26	0.44	0.42
2001	0.29	0.23	0.38	0.37
2002	0.24	0.19	0.31	0.29
2003	0.25	0.20	0.33	0.26
2004	0.26	0.20	0.36	0.25
2005	0.28	0.21	0.38	0.27
2006	0.22	0.17	0.28	0.25
2007	0.42	0.32	0.56	0.30
2008	0.28	0.23	0.36	0.31
2009	0.59	0.43	0.82	0.43
2010	0.63	0.47	0.86	0.50
2011	0.52	0.39	0.70	0.58
2012	0.28	0.22	0.37	0.48
2013	0.50	0.37	0.69	0.43
2014	0.52	0.39	0.71	0.43
2015	0.51	0.39	0.68	0.51
2016	0.26	0.21	0.33	0.43
2017	0.23	0.19	0.30	0.33
2018	0.36	0.28	0.46	0.28
2019	0.85	0.65	1.15	0.48
2020	0.41	0.25	0.83	0.54
2021	0.22	0.17	0.29	0.50
2022	0.49	0.36	0.67	0.37
2023	0.60	0.44	0.84	0.44
2024	0.49	0.36	0.69	0.53

Figure 40: Sora abundance (index) in the United States in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	0.49		0.36	0.69
3-year indexa	0.53
LTA	0.36
Objective
% change from LTA	35.54
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1.00
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Sora per route in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Fixed until changed.

Data Table 24e: Common Gallinule

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of common gallinules in spring in the United States (BBS Core area). Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 24e. Common gallinule abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1966	0.38	0.21	0.75	NA
1967	0.37	0.21	0.69	NA
1968	0.35	0.21	0.65	0.37
1969	0.37	0.23	0.66	0.36
1970	0.40	0.24	0.69	0.37
1971	0.40	0.24	0.69	0.39
1972	0.40	0.24	0.71	0.40
1973	0.41	0.25	0.71	0.40
1974	0.44	0.27	0.76	0.42
1975	0.47	0.29	0.82	0.44
1976	0.45	0.27	0.78	0.45
1977	0.44	0.27	0.78	0.45
1978	0.49	0.30	0.86	0.46
1979	0.60	0.37	1.04	0.51
1980	0.66	0.41	1.13	0.59
1981	0.67	0.42	1.13	0.65
1982	0.69	0.44	1.14	0.67
1983	0.76	0.48	1.27	0.71
1984	0.71	0.45	1.18	0.72
1985	0.64	0.41	1.05	0.71
1986	0.61	0.40	0.98	0.65
1987	0.57	0.38	0.89	0.61
1988	0.53	0.36	0.81	0.57
1989	0.50	0.34	0.76	0.53
1990	0.46	0.31	0.70	0.50
1991	0.48	0.32	0.73	0.48
1992	0.51	0.35	0.78	0.48
1993	0.51	0.35	0.78	0.50
1994	0.50	0.34	0.75	0.51
1995	0.51	0.35	0.78	0.51
1996	0.55	0.38	0.82	0.52
1997	0.52	0.36	0.77	0.53
1998	0.50	0.34	0.75	0.52
1999	0.44	0.31	0.66	0.49
2000	0.38	0.26	0.58	0.44
2001	0.35	0.24	0.53	0.39
2002	0.34	0.23	0.52	0.36
2003	0.39	0.27	0.60	0.36
2004	0.45	0.31	0.70	0.40
2005	0.49	0.33	0.74	0.44
2006	0.45	0.31	0.67	0.46
2007	0.38	0.26	0.57	0.44
2008	0.30	0.21	0.46	0.38
2009	0.27	0.18	0.42	0.32
2010	0.30	0.20	0.47	0.29
2011	0.28	0.19	0.44	0.29
2012	0.29	0.19	0.45	0.29
2013	0.29	0.19	0.47	0.29
2014	0.31	0.21	0.49	0.30
2015	0.33	0.22	0.52	0.31
2016	0.39	0.26	0.61	0.34
2017	0.44	0.29	0.72	0.39
2018	0.42	0.28	0.68	0.42
2019	0.39	0.26	0.66	0.42
2020	0.38	0.24	0.69	0.40
2021	0.38	0.24	0.70	0.38
2022	0.40	0.25	0.79	0.39
2023	0.41	0.25	0.82	0.40
2024	0.45	0.27	0.92	0.42

Figure 41: Common gallinule abundance (index) in the United States in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	0.45		0.27	0.92
3-year indexa	0.42
LTA	0.45
Objective
% change from LTA	0.35
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1.00
a 2022, 2023, 2024

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Common gallinules per route in spring.

Management thresholds: N/A.

Management prescription: N/A.

Regulatory alternatives:
Fixed until changed.

National Harvest Strategies

Data Table 30: Western Mallard

Original data source: Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) and State/Province Breeding Waterfowl Surveys in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California; USFWS Headquarters, Canadian Wildlife Service Pacific and Yukon and Region, Washington, Oregon, and California. Data maintained by the USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance and standard error (SE) of Western Population mallards (Wmal) in spring. For purposes of the assessment, Western Population mallards consist of two segments: Northern Pacific Flyway (NPF) segment are those breeding in Alaska and Yukon Territory (Federal WBPHS strata 1–12) and Southern Pacific Flyway segment (SPF) are those breeding in the southern Pacific Flyway including California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia (State and Provincial surveys). See Table 70 for State and Province totals. Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (SE).

Table 30. Western Population mallard abundance in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	NPF	NPF.SE	SPF	SPF.SE	Wmal	Wmal.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1955	173,246	62,646	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1956	174,466	61,340	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1957	160,144	23,652	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1958	185,939	29,978	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1959	214,046	23,251	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1960	159,377	17,771	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1961	284,998	34,286	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1962	171,743	16,124	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1963	208,939	24,145	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1964	106,147	12,464	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1965	189,593	26,776	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1966	128,491	16,033	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1967	256,758	28,976	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1968	240,929	30,431	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1969	162,856	20,916	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1970	293,897	33,743	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1971	167,149	22,944	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1972	261,877	27,983	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1973	245,252	26,086	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1974	278,242	31,209	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1975	132,692	16,419	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1976	181,397	23,836	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1977	459,778	55,724	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1978	318,842	36,342	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1979	275,779	36,047	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1980	399,102	39,399	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1981	476,251	48,716	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1982	254,727	29,708	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1983	321,687	28,506	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1984	504,182	52,275	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1985	219,055	24,633	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1986	233,539	26,196	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1987	185,802	19,422	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1988	356,711	36,604	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1989	411,507	34,261	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1990	366,933	37,017	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1991	385,319	36,279	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1992	345,708	38,708	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1993	282,983	29,533	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1994	350,875	37,142	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1995	524,200	67,975	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1996	522,006	43,552	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1997	584,247	51,997	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1998	836,216	67,284	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1999	713,054	69,568	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2000	770,333	52,159	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2001	718,286	54,127	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2002	667,339	50,687	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2003	843,497	66,823	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2004	811,135	63,878	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2005	703,140	54,748	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2006	515,821	46,935	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2007	581,493	55,053	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2008	532,414	46,797	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2009	502,970	44,896	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2010	605,556	53,070	608,696	57,240	1,214,252	78,056	NA	NA
2011	415,825	38,767	517,373	46,700	933,198	60,695	NA	NA
2012	505,583	51,067	640,892	56,284	1,146,475	75,998	1,097,975	72,001
2013	338,379	38,215	540,322	53,973	878,701	66,132	986,125	67,904
2014	500,879	57,351	492,901	56,628	993,781	80,596	1,006,319	74,487
2015	470,915	50,867	429,020	31,574	899,936	59,870	924,139	69,411
2016	584,200	65,389	484,975	37,319	1,069,175	75,289	987,630	72,454
2017	538,451	51,882	444,400	34,592	982,851	62,357	983,987	66,184
2018	450,750	45,061	574,251	45,055	1,025,001	63,722	1,025,676	67,372
2019	361,060	35,347	525,595	35,895	886,655	50,377	964,836	59,123
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	614,444	69,816	427,037	31,955	1,041,481	76,782	984,379	64,533
2023	380,917	42,110	443,463	31,779	824,380	52,756	917,505	61,146
2024	506,629	57,471	431,910	25,726	938,539	62,966	934,800	64,919
2025	389,414	44,835	503,499	41,142	892,913	60,851	885,277	59,022

Figure 42: Western Population mallard abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	892,913	60,851	773,646	1,012,180
3-year indexa	885,277	59,022	769,595	1,000,960
LTA	987,263
Objective
% change from LTA	-10
% change from obj
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Figure 43: Western Population mallard Northern Pacific Flyway segment abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 44: Western Population mallard Southern Pacific Flyway segment abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Western Population Mallards in Northern and Southern Pacific Flyway segments in spring.

Management thresholds:
Liberal
Moderate
Restrictive
Closed
See the Adaptive Harvest Management (AHM) report for the derived threshold values based on the decision framework for western mallards.

Management prescription: See the AHM report for the decision based on the decision framework for western mallards.

Regulatory alternatives:
Liberal
Season length is 107 days, bracket dates are Saturday nearest September 24 and January 31, and the daily bag limit is 7 ducks (no more than 2 female mallards)
Moderate
Season length is 86 days, bracket dates are Saturday nearest September 24 and January 31, and the daily bag limit is 7 ducks (no more than 5 mallards, 2 female)
Restrictive
Season length is 60 days, bracket dates are Saturday nearest October 1 and January 31, and the daily bag limit is 4 ducks (no more than 3 mallards, 1 female)
Closed

Other Duck Species of Special Concern

National harvest strategies exist for duck species of special management concern including northern pintail, scaup, and canvasbacks. See Adaptive Harvest Management (AHM) report for decisions based on decision frameworks for northern pintail and scaup. Also, see the abundance time series for these species in the Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey and State/Province Breeding Waterfowl Surveys data tables. The decision for scaup is based on a decision support tool. See the next table for the canvasback decision.

Data Table 31: Canvasback

Original data source: Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance (Estimate) and standard error (SE) of canvasbacks in spring. Also provided are the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 31. Canvasback abundance in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	Estimate	SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1955	589,257	87,849	NA	NA
1956	698,509	93,324	NA	NA
1957	626,072	94,732	637,946	92,016
1958	746,830	96,139	690,471	94,739
1959	488,684	50,588	620,529	83,219
1960	605,698	82,438	613,737	78,736
1961	435,251	65,676	509,877	67,499
1962	360,238	43,836	467,062	65,906
1963	506,235	74,904	433,908	62,837
1964	643,636	126,904	503,370	88,763
1965	522,120	52,816	557,330	90,378
1966	663,114	78,043	609,623	91,259
1967	502,576	45,359	562,603	60,381
1968	563,691	101,260	576,460	78,319
1969	503,530	53,696	523,266	71,167
1970	580,100	90,426	549,107	84,288
1971	450,674	55,188	511,435	68,571
1972	425,912	45,959	485,562	66,670
1973	620,451	89,070	499,012	66,059
1974	512,842	56,820	519,735	66,519
1975	595,098	56,065	576,130	69,054
1976	614,389	70,064	574,110	61,321
1977	664,042	74,860	624,510	67,469
1978	373,174	41,492	550,535	63,861
1979	582,004	59,814	539,740	60,286
1980	734,570	83,764	563,249	64,072
1981	620,843	59,108	645,805	68,527
1982	513,265	50,928	622,893	66,090
1983	526,612	58,865	553,573	56,429
1984	530,129	60,150	523,335	56,794
1985	375,929	42,945	477,556	54,551
1986	438,350	41,537	448,136	48,947
1987	450,109	77,894	421,462	56,678
1988	435,048	40,221	441,169	56,008
1989	477,439	48,410	454,198	57,818
1990	539,318	60,326	483,935	50,334
1991	491,151	66,363	502,636	58,841
1992	481,529	97,303	503,999	76,401
1993	472,055	67,642	481,578	78,416
1994	525,604	71,113	493,063	79,792
1995	770,593	92,161	589,417	77,731
1996	848,487	118,334	714,894	95,836
1997	688,754	57,161	769,278	92,671
1998	685,862	63,795	741,034	84,341
1999	716,039	79,121	696,885	67,323
2000	706,754	80,997	702,885	75,034
2001	579,826	52,652	667,539	72,094
2002	486,597	43,819	591,059	61,245
2003	557,575	47,984	541,332	48,286
2004	617,227	64,553	553,800	52,882
2005	520,574	52,945	565,125	55,596
2006	691,013	69,616	609,605	62,761
2007	864,924	86,197	692,170	70,898
2008	488,667	45,378	681,535	69,127
2009	662,135	57,448	671,909	65,293
2010	585,164	50,828	578,655	51,455
2011	691,560	45,987	646,286	51,635
2012	759,935	68,515	678,886	55,954
2013	786,978	57,583	746,158	58,095
2014	685,262	50,702	744,058	59,388
2015	757,281	63,279	743,174	57,419
2016	736,472	68,750	726,338	61,377
2017	732,531	61,685	742,095	64,642
2018	686,084	59,125	718,362	63,318
2019	651,925	49,085	690,180	56,892
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	586,643	50,570	641,551	53,111
2023	618,898	63,898	619,156	54,923
2024	566,319	52,274	590,620	55,895
2025	686,805	59,562	624,007	58,774

Figure 45: Canvasback abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average. The red dashed reference line is the restriction threshold in the harvest strategy decision (also the minumum population objective). The red reference line is the closure threshold.

Time series statistics

Parameter	Estimate	SE	L95%CI	U95%CI
1-year index	686,805	59,562	570,063	803,546
3-year indexa	624,007	58,774	508,810	739,205
LTA	591,414
Objective	480,000
% change from LTA	16
% change from obj	43
Mgmt index (n years)	1
a 2023, 2024, 2025

Harvest Strategy
Management index: Canvasbacks in spring.

Management thresholds:
≥480,000 Liberal 2
≥460,000 Liberal 1
Closed

Management prescription: Liberal 2.

Regulatory alternatives:
Season length and outside dates based on duck AHM
Liberal 2
Daily bag limit 2
Liberal 1
Daily bag limit 1
Closed

Following the adoption of SEIS 2013 (Department of the Interior 2013), a decision support tool for canvasback harvest management was developed. The decision rules under this prescriptive strategy provide that if the canvasback breeding population (BPOP) in year t is 480,000 or above, the year t+1 regulations will be a Liberal 2 (daily bag limit of 2 canvasbacks). If the canvasback BPOP is 460,000 to 479,999, a Liberal 1 (daily bag limit of 1 canvasback), and the season is closed when BPOP is less than 460,000. The prescription is based on point estimates and does not take the variance of BPOP estimates into account.

Harvest

Data Table 40: Swan

Original data source: Pacific Flyway Cooperative Swan Hunting Season Harvest Survey. Data maintained by Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are swan hunting season hunter compliance rates by State (Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Utah) in completing the hunter questionnaire (Qcomp) and submitting parts for species identification of harvested swans (Pcomp).

Table 40a. Swan hunting season hunter compliance rates, 1995-2024.

Season	ID.Qcomp	ID.Pcomp	MT.Qcomp	MT.Pcomp	NV.Qcomp	NV.Pcomp	UT.Qcomp	UT.Pcomp
1995	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.96	0.96	0.51	0.51
1996	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.94	0.94	0.57	0.57
1997	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.90	0.90	0.51	0.51
1998	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.89	0.89	0.56	0.56
1999	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.91	0.91	0.55	0.55
2000	NA	NA	0.81	0.93	0.91	0.91	0.83	0.83
2001	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.93	0.93	0.92	0.92
2002	NA	NA	0.82	0.85	0.89	0.89	0.88	0.88
2003	NA	NA	0.73	0.77	0.91	0.91	0.96	0.96
2004	NA	NA	0.76	0.80	0.93	0.93	0.93	0.93
2005	NA	NA	0.82	0.81	0.92	0.92	0.87	0.87
2006	NA	NA	0.81	0.80	0.95	0.95	0.90	0.90
2007	NA	NA	0.78	0.80	0.92	0.92	0.88	0.88
2008	NA	NA	0.88	0.88	0.91	0.91	0.89	0.89
2009	NA	NA	0.73	0.83	0.89	0.89	0.97	0.97
2010	NA	NA	0.74	0.83	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.96
2011	NA	NA	0.76	0.83	0.94	0.94	0.96	0.96
2012	NA	NA	0.86	0.80	0.96	0.96	0.94	0.94
2013	NA	NA	0.83	0.81	0.93	0.93	0.96	0.96
2014	NA	NA	0.81	0.85	0.93	0.97	0.94	0.95
2015	NA	NA	0.81	0.87	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94
2016	NA	NA	0.87	0.84	0.91	0.95	0.94	0.94
2017	NA	NA	0.84	0.85	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94
2018	NA	NA	0.82	0.76	0.96	0.91	0.95	0.95
2019	NA	NA	0.90	0.88	0.93	0.93	0.95	0.95
2020	0.84	0.84	0.83	0.77	0.96	0.96	0.95	0.95
2021	0.92	0.92	0.81	0.70	0.94	0.94	0.92	0.92
2022	0.93	0.93	0.86	0.74	0.93	0.90	0.97	0.97
2023	0.86	0.86	0.76	0.65	0.93	0.93	0.95	0.95
2024	0.89	0.89	0.86	0.81	0.95	0.94	0.97	0.97

Table 40b. Swan hunting season harvest by State (Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Utah) and in total reported for total swan harvest (Harv) and trumpeter swan harvest (Trum), 1995-2024.

Season	ID.Harv	ID.Trum	MT.Harv	MT.Trum	NV.Harv	NV.Trum	UT.Harv	UT.Trum	Harv	Trum
1995	NA	NA	NA	NA	72	0	683	6	755	6
1996	NA	NA	NA	NA	119	1	1,578	12	1,697	13
1997	NA	NA	NA	NA	131	0	1,371	6	1,502	6
1998	NA	NA	NA	NA	185	0	2,041	2	2,226	2
1999	NA	NA	NA	NA	212	0	1,565	0	1,777	0
2000	NA	NA	217	4	78	0	666	1	961	5
2001	NA	NA	NA	NA	62	0	271	0	333	0
2002	NA	NA	167	4	45	0	548	2	760	6
2003	NA	NA	119	4	78	0	796	2	993	6
2004	NA	NA	255	8	83	0	657	2	995	10
2005	NA	NA	284	17	100	0	899	1	1,284	18
2006	NA	NA	169	9	155	1	904	2	1,228	12
2007	NA	NA	306	10	217	0	884	0	1,407	10
2008	NA	NA	199	1	136	0	731	1	1,066	2
2009	NA	NA	292	12	56	0	812	2	1,161	14
2010	NA	NA	209	14	118	0	725	0	1,052	14
2011	NA	NA	247	16	144	4	695	3	1,086	23
2012	NA	NA	294	35	203	0	929	2	1,426	37
2013	NA	NA	239	21	26	0	376	5	641	26
2014	NA	NA	167	15	25	0	768	2	960	17
2015	NA	NA	264	17	8	0	903	4	1,176	21
2016	NA	NA	222	19	127	2	812	4	1,162	26
2017	NA	NA	112	6	127	4	833	4	1,072	15
2018	NA	NA	121	13	233	0	947	5	1,301	19
2019	NA	NA	148	8	228	3	1,188	21	1,564	32
2020	18	1	157	17	266	4	1,350	21	1,791	43
2021	18	12	266	62	126	0	1,072	25	1,482	99
2022	11	2	220	22	149	1	885	22	1,264	47
2023	10	1	136	29	72	0	1,004	0	1,223	30
2024	24	13	129	31	179	0	983	0	1,315	45

Figure 46: Swan hunting season harvest. Circles are annual estimates of total swan harvest. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The other colored lines are swan harvest estimates at the state level (red=idaho, green=Montana, yellow=Nevada, orange=Utah)

Figure 47: Trumpeter swan hunting season harvest. Circles are annual estimates of total trumpwter swan harvest. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The other colored lines are swan harvest estimates at the state level (red=idaho, green=Montana, yellow=Nevada, orange=Utah)

Data Table 41: Sandhill Crane, RMP

Original data source: Pacific and Central Flyways Cooperative Swan Hunting Season Harvest Survey. Data maintained by Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table (a) below is the difference between hunting season allowable and achieved harvest for Rocky Mountain Population sandhill cranes by State. Note that positive numbers are the additional harvest that is allowed. Calculations are based on the Pacific and Central Flyway Councils’ 2016 harvest strategy, estimates prior to 2016 are not applicable.

Provided in the table (b) below is the hunting season harvest for Rocky Mountain Population sandhill cranes by state (Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming) and in total. For Arizona and New Mexico, the harvest of RMP cranes is derived from the estimates of total crane harvest (Harv) and the proportion that are greater subspecies (Comp) and therefore considered RMP cranes. Crane harvest in other states are assumed to be RMP cranes.

Table 41a. Difference between hunting season allowable and achieved harvest of Rocky Mountain Population sandhill cranes by State (Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming), 2016-2024.

Season	AZ	ID	MT	NM	UT	WY
2016	66	29	254	215	132	30
2017	101	139	317	357	71	48
2018	55	53	271	72	43	22
2019	80	54	136	34	54	28
2020	47	19	155	365	37	54
2021	106	1	298	202	63	95
2022	133	17	361	278	91	71
2023	139	32	353	298	113	111
2024	195	23	421	400	94	56

Table 41b. Harvest of Rocky Mountain Population sandhill cranes by state (Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming) and in total, 1981-2024. Also provided for Arizona and New Mexico are the total sandhill crane harvest (Harv) and composition (Comp) of the crane harvest that are the greater subspecies, which are assigned to RMP crane harvest.

Season	AZ.Harv	AZ.Comp	NM.Harv	NM.Comp	AZ	ID	MT	NM	UT	WY	Total
1981	42	0.50	NA	NA	21	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	21
1982	75	0.12	NA	NA	9	NA	NA	NA	NA	143	152
1983	55	0.67	NA	NA	37	NA	NA	NA	NA	154	191
1984	71	0.58	NA	NA	41	NA	NA	NA	NA	101	142
1985	93	0.45	NA	NA	42	NA	NA	NA	NA	138	180
1986	141	0.17	NA	NA	24	NA	NA	NA	NA	195	219
1987	194	0.32	NA	NA	62	NA	NA	NA	NA	190	252
1988	217	0.18	310	NA	39	NA	NA	310	NA	128	477
1989	164	0.28	483	NA	46	NA	NA	483	54	125	708
1990	129	0.07	79	NA	9	NA	NA	79	35	58	181
1991	220	0.20	47	NA	44	NA	NA	47	48	101	240
1992	186	0.21	147	NA	39	NA	NA	147	NA	168	354
1993	174	0.35	297	NA	61	NA	NA	297	28	115	501
1994	117	0.23	416	NA	27	NA	NA	416	34	150	627
1995	157	0.21	415	0.65	33	NA	NA	270	27	78	408
1996	142	0.19	311	0.76	27	20	NA	236	32	65	380
1997	200	0.11	158	0.72	22	136	NA	114	30	84	386
1998	154	0.24	237	0.76	37	120	NA	180	34	94	465
1999	117	0.18	300	0.66	21	190	NA	198	54	124	587
2000	206	0.18	362	0.71	37	193	NA	257	69	159	715
2001	186	0.14	400	0.72	26	278	86	288	77	142	897
2002	247	0.17	225	0.73	42	194	47	164	60	132	639
2003	189	0.18	307	0.55	34	146	48	169	57	72	526
2004	200	0.15	344	0.55	30	143	49	189	53	123	587
2005	278	0.18	429	0.55	50	188	46	236	62	116	698
2006	225	0.04	564	0.58	9	236	51	327	87	194	904
2007	331	0.13	600	0.46	43	211	68	276	103	138	839
2008	171	0.14	702	0.54	24	185	83	379	101	162	934
2009	389	0.18	942	0.64	70	254	116	603	149	195	1,387
2010	311	0.18	943	0.58	56	253	98	547	190	182	1,326
2011	189	0.19	916	0.57	36	261	84	522	149	161	1,213
2012	368	0.22	745	0.56	81	275	121	417	91	134	1,119
2013	181	0.21	482	0.50	38	135	83	241	96	74	667
2014	236	0.11	345	0.53	26	134	121	183	73	101	638
2015	353	0.19	279	0.52	67	166	137	145	86	104	705
2016	462	0.16	871	0.52	74	258	140	453	72	158	1,155
2017	486	0.14	880	0.51	68	198	150	449	192	193	1,250
2018	729	0.14	1,059	0.64	102	253	154	678	203	189	1,579
2019	238	0.16	964	0.55	38	166	181	530	130	141	1,186
2020	762	0.09	944	0.18	65	172	148	170	137	114	806
2021	788	0.09	1,066	0.59	68	277	163	629	200	194	1,530
2022	862	0.09	1,060	0.67	74	273	174	710	223	277	1,731
2023	621	0.08	1,083	0.56	51	235	138	607	167	215	1,413
2024	338	0.08	1,134	0.58	28	275	167	663	262	318	1,713

Figure 48: Harvest of Rocky Mountain Population sandhill cranes. Circles are annual estimates of total crane harvest. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The other colored lines are crane harvest estimates at the state level (red=Arizona, green=Idaho, yellow=Montana, orange=New Mexico, black=Utah, brown=Wyoming)

WBPHS and State Surveys

Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey strata and transects. Yellow shading is the Traditional Survey Area and green shading is the Eastern Survey Area.

Waterfowl abundance is reported for the Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) Traditional Survey Area (TSA) by crew areas including the following:
TSA = WBPHS Traditional Survey Area
Area 1 = Alaska, Yukon Territory, and Old Crow Flats (strata 1–12)
Area 2 = Central and northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and Northwest Territories (strata 13–18, 20, 77)
Area 3 = Northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, and western Ontario (strata 21–25, 50)
Area 4 = Southern Alberta (strata 26–29, 75–76)
Area 5 = Southern Saskatchewan (strata 30–33)
Area 6 = Southern Manitoba (strata 34–40; includes south east Saskatchewan)
Area 7 = Montana and western Dakotas (strata 41–44)
Area 8 = Eastern Dakotas (strata 45–49)

Total ducks includes the following species:
American black duck, American green-winged teal, American wigeon, bufflehead, blue-winged teal, canvasback, gadwall, goldeneye species, mallard, northern pintail, northern shoveler, redhead, ring-necked duck, ruddy duck, scaup species.

Data Table 50: Total Ducks WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 50. Total duck abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	39,603,569	1,781,205	9,820,018	2,165,884	7,363,576	13,983,983	1,617,779	1,177,235	1,693,888
1956	42,035,155	1,846,837	8,299,825	2,090,767	6,447,961	18,563,185	1,748,982	1,138,961	1,898,638
1957	34,197,095	1,490,530	6,774,797	1,867,203	6,220,527	12,754,231	1,874,560	1,113,830	2,101,418
1958	36,528,121	2,060,836	7,997,576	2,403,474	6,681,567	10,133,574	3,606,569	1,140,353	2,504,173
1959	40,089,890	2,429,972	17,176,163	3,133,781	5,759,959	6,211,575	3,106,009	1,094,046	1,178,385
1960	32,080,543	2,075,147	7,980,953	1,941,253	5,671,430	8,049,952	2,247,490	1,048,601	3,065,717
1961	29,828,978	2,101,221	11,564,207	1,968,630	4,807,274	4,466,700	1,752,580	1,153,162	2,015,204
1962	25,038,942	2,666,148	7,260,882	2,537,393	2,891,506	3,522,171	1,134,443	1,154,308	3,872,091
1963	27,609,452	2,538,138	7,347,403	2,410,629	4,015,320	4,091,997	1,754,439	1,273,947	4,177,579
1964	27,768,809	2,226,857	9,098,950	2,900,610	3,930,618	4,483,980	1,594,665	1,084,123	2,449,006
1965	25,903,106	2,025,075	6,823,654	2,518,205	3,757,129	4,268,854	1,461,923	1,447,870	3,600,396
1966	30,574,173	2,312,224	6,619,374	2,411,187	5,480,219	6,795,588	1,338,609	1,568,801	4,048,172
1967	32,688,565	2,329,222	5,579,444	3,618,173	6,223,747	7,927,195	1,865,001	1,747,121	3,398,662
1968	28,971,228	3,790,406	5,224,957	5,080,270	3,736,829	5,851,232	1,091,939	1,098,795	3,096,800
1969	33,760,876	2,507,773	5,149,542	4,678,368	5,054,735	8,298,588	1,775,385	1,628,321	4,668,164
1970	39,676,260	2,794,433	6,190,441	6,088,106	5,329,228	10,641,506	1,934,865	1,544,328	5,153,353
1971	36,905,073	2,187,506	6,759,669	3,774,895	6,454,811	10,445,035	1,330,553	1,270,102	4,682,502
1972	40,748,019	2,739,500	10,303,503	3,521,004	6,465,629	9,049,652	1,663,689	2,015,201	4,989,841
1973	32,573,897	3,096,160	7,767,893	3,446,557	5,489,452	6,857,063	1,271,985	1,359,603	3,285,184
1974	35,422,489	3,252,310	6,018,714	2,929,500	7,688,200	8,821,911	2,041,640	1,116,650	3,553,564
1975	37,792,799	2,170,021	7,397,431	3,183,012	6,454,469	11,016,392	1,590,331	2,166,383	3,814,761
1976	34,342,263	2,825,936	5,108,722	4,092,149	5,528,392	11,213,039	2,344,794	1,500,742	1,728,489
1977	32,048,956	4,848,057	7,697,788	3,990,003	3,818,760	8,289,366	1,082,410	1,140,415	1,182,158
1978	35,505,581	3,578,654	7,240,370	4,831,954	4,237,070	6,430,252	1,403,330	2,430,990	5,352,961
1979	38,622,013	3,073,537	8,021,969	4,341,131	5,409,235	9,309,080	1,545,777	2,115,463	4,805,822
1980	36,224,430	5,243,392	8,023,785	4,413,909	4,896,556	7,515,613	1,468,737	1,302,711	3,359,727
1981	32,267,288	5,259,379	7,826,380	4,907,962	4,708,515	4,580,525	1,396,068	1,396,426	2,192,033
1982	30,784,023	2,963,122	5,949,994	3,618,890	3,546,487	6,864,099	1,548,574	2,321,410	3,971,447
1983	32,635,210	3,479,605	8,166,925	3,790,236	3,046,925	7,348,757	1,330,724	1,636,801	3,835,236
1984	31,004,936	4,010,391	9,104,394	3,062,498	2,725,719	5,121,916	697,433	1,421,463	4,861,122
1985	25,638,252	2,745,684	5,928,982	3,346,847	3,111,103	5,612,458	947,758	928,175	3,017,245
1986	29,092,808	3,302,250	7,082,048	2,621,948	2,532,809	5,417,332	1,637,296	1,228,761	5,270,364
1987	27,412,109	3,362,563	7,307,102	3,195,228	3,040,816	4,260,117	1,125,964	1,425,872	3,694,447
1988	27,361,744	3,874,899	7,521,558	4,190,233	2,702,537	4,141,494	1,041,408	1,234,803	2,654,812
1989	25,112,754	3,590,758	6,820,218	3,548,835	2,449,654	3,380,651	873,403	1,335,105	3,114,130
1990	25,079,166	3,961,323	5,754,399	3,780,593	3,356,705	4,295,831	1,276,475	1,204,509	1,449,331
1991	26,605,595	4,392,449	5,755,659	4,513,529	3,070,198	4,203,776	984,686	1,323,446	2,361,852
1992	29,417,883	3,691,263	5,749,574	5,721,327	3,108,779	5,671,081	1,533,509	1,304,435	2,637,914
1993	26,312,407	3,635,535	5,918,746	4,577,785	3,443,064	3,576,271	872,589	1,506,031	2,782,386
1994	32,523,459	4,289,209	5,331,221	3,906,556	3,553,162	5,876,881	814,655	2,997,219	5,754,555
1995	35,869,640	4,298,317	5,790,068	3,889,127	3,270,109	6,896,092	1,521,973	2,673,314	7,530,639
1996	37,752,965	4,734,672	4,411,957	3,951,675	3,884,673	9,197,009	1,643,179	2,439,748	7,490,053
1997	42,556,343	4,185,762	6,574,765	3,721,623	3,809,144	10,554,579	1,514,687	4,291,013	7,904,770
1998	39,081,907	5,728,457	6,224,887	3,411,397	3,203,784	8,375,979	1,394,197	2,999,117	7,744,089
1999	43,435,799	5,184,532	8,316,165	3,839,189	3,315,025	9,687,396	1,681,824	2,504,798	8,906,871
2000	41,838,270	6,726,566	6,899,974	3,468,043	3,484,683	7,665,038	1,486,193	1,725,883	10,381,891
2001	36,177,460	6,427,121	5,489,402	2,656,262	2,520,783	6,441,812	1,792,923	1,587,812	9,261,345
2002	31,181,128	4,961,417	6,583,730	4,502,382	2,363,558	3,547,374	1,303,546	1,334,251	6,584,871
2003	36,225,121	5,704,917	6,461,001	3,564,180	2,696,066	9,295,864	1,582,276	1,730,737	5,190,081
2004	32,163,986	5,456,172	5,882,220	4,084,527	2,498,793	5,783,368	1,473,840	1,614,801	5,370,264
2005	31,734,935	5,113,856	4,712,530	3,223,493	3,178,226	7,966,659	1,626,997	1,290,149	4,623,025
2006	36,160,330	4,754,502	5,131,564	2,711,268	4,580,690	10,095,517	1,795,934	1,909,836	5,181,018
2007	41,172,191	5,689,815	6,137,361	3,212,072	4,293,057	11,036,231	1,321,546	1,625,416	7,856,693
2008	37,276,466	5,122,777	6,934,379	3,162,429	4,199,429	8,949,437	1,222,875	1,139,234	6,545,905
2009	42,004,841	4,345,259	6,933,755	3,813,012	3,287,868	8,052,927	1,371,363	2,467,783	11,732,874
2010	40,893,777	5,555,837	8,717,117	2,149,444	2,641,326	6,839,266	1,103,507	1,977,203	11,910,078
2011	45,554,287	3,755,695	7,094,613	2,439,305	4,371,665	10,680,675	1,554,026	3,134,876	12,523,433
2012	48,575,264	4,454,823	8,799,317	2,754,351	4,844,730	11,317,699	1,537,535	2,466,578	12,400,230
2013	45,607,319	3,296,294	8,323,318	3,441,241	4,471,154	12,258,341	1,575,034	1,598,823	10,643,114
2014	49,152,231	3,510,092	9,945,622	2,566,499	5,643,685	12,893,274	2,193,064	3,659,864	8,740,130
2015	49,521,695	3,389,463	11,546,133	3,527,214	5,677,678	13,542,131	1,988,198	2,730,169	7,120,709
2016	48,362,830	4,327,471	14,041,008	3,246,303	5,031,893	10,752,604	1,777,337	2,228,860	6,957,356
2017	47,265,648	3,987,272	11,422,720	2,560,729	6,444,258	12,151,560	1,748,036	2,207,210	6,743,863
2018	41,193,231	3,381,387	9,915,761	3,167,375	5,546,108	8,492,473	1,664,788	2,238,572	6,786,767
2019	38,898,901	2,612,134	10,376,817	2,459,593	4,574,722	6,478,728	1,221,617	2,404,469	8,770,820
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	34,657,152	3,831,208	7,655,881	2,787,804	3,010,156	5,993,794	1,744,351	1,751,357	7,882,601
2023	32,304,811	1,920,220	8,348,241	3,138,551	3,192,097	6,508,003	1,152,187	2,161,328	5,884,185
2024	33,988,082	2,449,405	11,247,646	3,290,379	2,685,942	5,476,463	988,669	1,941,611	5,907,968
2025	33,832,452	2,559,645	10,975,217	2,841,902	3,132,332	6,690,026	1,193,097	1,797,819	4,642,413

Figure 49: Total duck abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 51: Mallard WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 51. Mallard abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	8,777,294	173,246	1,635,090	738,596	1,906,984	3,317,190	424,781	294,570	286,837
1956	10,452,690	174,466	1,472,958	1,091,637	1,757,634	4,691,429	627,975	305,576	331,015
1957	9,296,888	160,144	1,045,916	712,947	1,986,693	3,987,910	712,945	317,684	372,649
1958	11,234,244	185,939	1,385,330	1,244,572	2,072,202	4,533,958	920,607	352,252	539,384
1959	9,024,288	214,046	2,764,253	1,042,198	1,753,018	2,152,157	545,446	337,137	216,033
1960	7,371,652	159,377	760,753	705,948	1,502,358	2,967,483	526,169	342,753	406,811
1961	7,329,954	284,998	2,303,954	705,114	1,330,884	1,649,689	331,411	348,291	375,614
1962	5,535,905	171,743	1,285,875	883,120	983,105	1,125,920	193,720	386,171	506,251
1963	6,748,828	208,939	1,413,733	682,874	1,227,931	1,551,425	327,684	446,620	889,622
1964	6,063,865	106,147	1,364,808	848,278	1,119,407	1,387,258	418,015	353,541	466,411
1965	5,131,702	189,593	725,018	873,704	893,925	1,069,927	271,519	493,121	614,895
1966	6,731,878	128,491	828,963	706,102	1,546,738	1,975,568	333,193	585,739	627,083
1967	7,509,548	256,758	745,024	1,713,404	1,502,441	1,888,409	289,357	572,270	541,885
1968	7,089,238	240,929	942,097	1,580,498	911,963	2,132,153	197,783	385,147	698,668
1969	7,531,615	162,856	705,811	1,807,774	1,121,447	2,179,962	356,523	588,392	608,850
1970	9,985,873	293,897	941,420	2,299,328	1,594,553	2,945,486	447,844	519,181	944,164
1971	9,416,373	167,149	981,425	1,265,078	1,871,286	3,407,249	288,941	475,317	959,928
1972	9,265,550	261,877	1,435,377	1,059,311	1,825,320	2,711,463	431,017	695,747	845,438
1973	8,079,202	245,252	1,047,395	1,213,243	1,729,505	2,369,095	233,686	457,358	783,669
1974	6,880,153	278,242	822,886	854,427	1,576,215	2,073,786	341,429	353,693	579,475
1975	7,726,878	132,692	1,004,359	963,323	1,398,330	2,449,214	379,809	816,172	582,979
1976	7,933,588	181,397	465,460	1,455,808	1,453,591	3,044,740	540,411	257,491	534,689
1977	7,397,061	459,778	944,191	1,366,564	853,258	2,869,326	254,066	343,389	306,489
1978	7,424,968	318,842	951,721	1,796,447	823,488	1,917,559	290,484	539,201	787,225
1979	7,883,440	275,779	1,084,674	1,594,540	983,127	2,244,208	359,782	424,741	916,589
1980	7,706,483	399,102	1,164,920	1,409,205	975,156	2,262,999	414,664	424,829	655,608
1981	6,409,701	476,251	931,305	1,451,147	947,057	1,509,802	352,948	431,993	309,198
1982	6,408,475	254,727	757,380	1,188,225	765,771	1,941,081	419,630	602,153	479,508
1983	6,456,007	321,687	1,278,635	1,041,562	845,564	1,670,142	354,567	487,078	456,773
1984	5,415,271	504,182	715,489	866,029	713,044	1,364,736	176,720	393,524	681,547
1985	4,960,868	219,055	831,328	871,986	802,991	1,173,330	238,763	301,703	521,712
1986	6,124,236	233,539	1,419,972	670,099	698,795	1,542,604	382,585	419,051	757,591
1987	5,789,776	185,802	934,840	1,011,668	753,948	1,273,327	249,911	530,503	849,777
1988	6,369,341	356,711	1,304,591	1,470,827	627,426	1,389,229	273,493	402,546	544,518
1989	5,645,440	411,507	961,780	1,337,471	585,874	951,715	238,337	537,504	621,252
1990	5,452,385	366,933	945,897	1,340,135	778,677	1,253,692	292,954	270,478	203,619
1991	5,444,580	385,319	905,433	1,289,946	769,227	1,031,104	236,481	386,667	440,403
1992	5,976,077	345,708	882,323	1,422,259	733,528	1,293,391	334,241	394,628	569,999
1993	5,708,293	282,983	941,493	1,295,651	753,847	1,036,406	243,692	506,757	647,465
1994	6,980,066	350,875	734,870	1,379,215	848,784	1,380,293	300,840	729,580	1,255,609
1995	8,269,415	524,200	1,010,534	1,381,903	778,457	1,808,542	416,244	855,268	1,494,267
1996	7,941,315	522,006	676,727	1,120,329	793,817	2,142,740	358,512	811,127	1,516,057
1997	9,939,695	584,247	1,205,629	1,036,931	883,563	2,450,765	436,468	1,337,954	2,004,138
1998	9,640,364	836,216	1,054,582	1,058,440	950,114	2,448,699	439,468	1,068,030	1,784,814
1999	10,805,682	713,054	2,040,801	1,150,627	1,031,842	2,528,577	514,435	689,187	2,137,160
2000	9,470,212	770,333	1,288,093	1,048,981	833,157	2,266,723	367,667	622,005	2,273,253
2001	7,903,955	718,286	979,033	603,318	743,759	1,649,653	445,965	463,284	2,300,657
2002	7,503,707	667,339	1,182,336	1,114,789	793,296	1,212,517	400,670	428,286	1,704,474
2003	7,949,743	843,497	851,810	1,103,386	627,097	2,110,665	504,996	506,101	1,402,192
2004	7,425,314	811,135	776,385	1,283,383	600,099	1,609,494	393,429	494,941	1,456,448
2005	6,755,268	703,140	533,133	937,142	671,364	1,728,862	454,765	386,590	1,340,271
2006	7,276,538	515,821	558,073	655,635	900,747	1,831,707	511,286	679,233	1,624,037
2007	8,307,296	581,493	887,452	864,169	830,157	2,155,069	387,183	552,582	2,049,190
2008	7,723,809	532,414	1,079,188	1,046,076	875,215	1,907,131	380,904	353,530	1,549,351
2009	8,512,378	502,970	1,079,740	930,463	753,955	1,866,899	417,281	444,464	2,516,605
2010	8,430,138	605,556	1,423,198	800,616	597,692	1,698,950	350,824	533,391	2,419,912
2011	9,182,591	415,825	974,976	828,352	938,591	2,093,040	521,185	836,886	2,573,736
2012	10,601,516	505,583	1,547,098	1,038,514	1,260,530	2,502,082	401,020	792,513	2,554,176
2013	10,371,890	338,379	1,020,349	1,427,498	1,141,041	2,575,586	448,205	793,888	2,626,945
2014	10,899,822	500,879	1,757,212	1,126,422	1,443,553	2,553,334	601,731	1,013,897	1,902,795
2015	11,643,321	470,915	1,981,061	1,728,364	1,391,683	3,068,413	538,152	766,949	1,697,783
2016	11,792,529	584,200	2,524,465	1,668,640	1,487,897	2,784,121	470,408	628,915	1,643,883
2017	10,488,461	538,451	1,836,830	1,074,123	1,290,954	2,725,103	587,162	658,357	1,777,481
2018	9,255,153	450,750	1,549,853	1,276,799	1,327,872	2,093,517	460,480	559,905	1,535,978
2019	9,423,411	361,060	1,700,754	1,105,252	971,539	1,712,412	441,469	770,594	2,360,332
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	7,434,293	614,444	1,219,314	1,088,267	686,775	1,294,059	513,041	513,986	1,504,407
2023	6,125,722	380,917	1,059,812	928,821	739,986	1,265,721	255,783	530,140	964,543
2024	6,609,303	506,629	1,606,236	1,159,084	629,949	1,162,945	216,376	516,890	811,193
2025	6,463,861	389,414	1,332,350	1,061,762	696,313	1,313,726	335,872	501,753	832,671

Figure 50: Mallard abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 52: Northern Pintail WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 52. Northern pintail abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	9,775,075	662,213	1,161,390	142,679	1,591,524	5,076,494	213,432	469,606	457,736
1956	10,372,801	676,914	687,713	69,704	1,521,459	6,222,181	284,112	428,270	482,448
1957	6,606,886	399,215	585,165	35,995	1,250,631	3,245,914	192,281	393,643	504,042
1958	6,037,921	752,478	1,133,922	30,537	1,223,870	1,813,032	187,395	371,684	525,003
1959	5,872,740	1,051,707	2,583,695	75,476	832,648	775,041	127,774	341,490	84,909
1960	5,722,160	742,531	697,882	57,746	1,087,483	1,665,516	217,171	324,465	929,366
1961	4,218,159	634,899	1,277,718	132,034	513,319	846,659	97,951	320,516	395,062
1962	3,623,524	864,991	447,030	30,457	328,585	581,072	104,810	322,806	943,772
1963	3,846,015	860,955	307,522	54,976	811,931	823,901	177,122	308,330	501,277
1964	3,291,227	773,552	475,679	60,005	417,623	853,386	114,949	263,068	332,965
1965	3,591,918	586,251	453,537	34,562	777,086	716,564	129,038	333,877	561,003
1966	4,811,934	717,673	202,821	37,728	1,265,152	1,504,782	96,677	326,689	660,412
1967	5,277,693	681,344	148,650	39,693	1,559,463	1,671,102	168,713	411,820	596,908
1968	3,489,395	1,444,503	227,653	81,224	501,554	809,172	54,594	121,990	248,706
1969	5,903,888	645,624	98,275	106,356	1,584,537	1,956,154	266,267	223,033	1,023,642
1970	6,391,987	733,465	165,221	154,714	1,366,414	2,417,173	198,759	355,389	1,000,852
1971	5,847,204	452,464	132,797	75,231	1,763,054	2,222,040	139,535	220,326	841,756
1972	6,978,954	898,932	468,661	36,305	1,716,409	2,261,553	211,972	477,641	907,481
1973	4,356,220	1,120,482	378,960	51,884	1,025,103	1,006,310	73,556	293,865	406,060
1974	6,598,182	937,980	320,614	25,638	2,123,070	2,185,998	301,804	186,259	516,820
1975	5,900,370	651,918	442,791	52,930	1,553,133	2,050,332	216,198	415,914	517,154
1976	5,475,644	854,383	267,420	52,025	956,502	2,549,564	249,401	294,503	251,847
1977	3,926,093	1,931,166	551,600	58,412	345,799	672,535	26,195	222,584	117,802
1978	5,108,179	1,011,857	263,202	77,298	1,087,568	961,787	90,648	581,137	1,034,681
1979	5,376,133	752,148	236,300	33,403	1,456,351	1,579,919	195,928	470,317	651,767
1980	4,508,077	1,816,457	296,128	28,903	842,287	897,591	68,588	192,243	365,880
1981	3,479,479	1,488,696	346,317	56,375	657,342	526,183	59,014	207,576	137,976
1982	3,708,758	788,226	112,303	21,794	576,822	1,222,040	107,096	466,018	414,458
1983	3,510,642	925,329	410,376	26,087	380,814	1,029,352	97,235	205,517	435,931
1984	2,964,801	925,967	460,038	21,347	299,777	492,073	26,871	232,846	505,882
1985	2,515,493	637,131	291,798	10,983	593,397	520,629	40,786	110,129	310,640
1986	2,739,747	882,518	185,630	17,082	242,646	545,934	120,539	212,975	532,423
1987	2,628,344	959,434	231,444	39,548	447,350	343,843	56,304	286,760	263,661
1988	2,005,522	1,142,541	198,857	15,671	171,394	113,754	33,566	135,107	194,632
1989	2,111,902	878,625	213,321	10,544	313,638	363,716	16,783	102,210	213,065
1990	2,256,630	1,102,962	170,079	17,558	317,734	336,665	55,256	198,064	58,312
1991	1,803,384	1,026,244	225,580	28,316	116,271	220,989	23,785	67,519	94,681
1992	2,098,139	899,710	275,123	18,822	103,933	456,880	90,449	120,523	132,699
1993	2,053,418	743,329	228,928	6,841	372,521	240,368	37,524	195,674	228,233
1994	2,972,266	787,540	104,885	13,432	383,404	785,173	47,704	394,437	455,693
1995	2,757,866	809,938	102,228	40,200	198,200	554,227	109,443	300,724	642,907
1996	2,735,862	776,099	56,382	3,708	333,503	807,418	84,460	234,458	439,835
1997	3,557,991	647,490	249,472	22,301	472,805	1,123,865	64,691	416,147	561,220
1998	2,520,649	945,957	186,398	8,958	166,284	551,839	63,689	193,262	404,261
1999	3,057,888	1,021,885	182,712	8,760	114,998	875,231	61,508	206,656	586,139
2000	2,907,559	1,452,235	220,276	15,869	188,826	463,613	44,686	169,478	352,576
2001	3,295,994	1,426,489	174,979	9,909	66,077	680,017	97,079	161,324	680,121
2002	1,789,710	941,985	187,162	11,440	72,984	181,841	31,572	102,367	260,358
2003	2,558,229	848,188	169,798	5,607	251,949	993,374	39,240	121,767	128,306
2004	2,184,602	927,354	193,399	10,334	161,341	473,686	39,665	131,963	246,860
2005	2,560,530	905,431	108,257	8,450	282,273	857,542	67,944	75,022	255,612
2006	3,386,425	1,041,069	125,819	5,851	610,998	1,023,592	57,308	264,336	257,452
2007	3,335,302	1,134,655	234,388	5,430	324,150	960,301	14,908	117,917	543,554
2008	2,612,841	1,249,960	331,197	4,089	240,017	422,765	29,409	50,198	285,206
2009	3,224,957	929,569	243,149	21,463	171,944	444,195	47,846	382,678	984,114
2010	3,508,558	1,163,793	338,009	5,644	241,683	331,830	18,434	176,588	1,232,578
2011	4,428,650	745,505	121,076	9,985	655,024	1,106,403	38,479	279,124	1,473,054
2012	3,473,083	1,175,893	78,534	15,843	357,036	605,083	22,116	244,307	974,271
2013	3,334,993	994,601	234,809	9,537	367,741	824,863	35,652	88,393	779,398
2014	3,220,296	701,066	317,553	5,172	461,002	739,387	49,111	251,516	695,488
2015	3,043,012	668,404	638,529	52,243	259,839	719,989	40,610	196,962	466,437
2016	2,618,468	815,822	798,818	15,574	167,973	288,741	19,358	134,672	377,508
2017	2,889,231	756,963	675,067	9,807	301,074	560,615	30,760	106,208	448,736
2018	2,365,322	650,554	497,470	21,817	343,870	268,640	11,094	193,229	378,647
2019	2,268,466	430,591	529,713	3,365	133,277	163,516	13,851	372,536	621,616
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	1,783,613	786,186	297,031	14,405	67,506	94,325	17,496	88,951	417,712
2023	2,218,505	546,196	389,934	7,602	152,400	285,535	10,945	183,063	642,829
2024	1,974,976	547,633	540,349	7,421	42,641	213,569	6,688	141,792	474,883
2025	2,237,899	712,374	735,645	8,949	124,698	301,807	16,754	100,480	237,191

Figure 51: Northern pintail abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 53: Gadwall WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 53. Gadwall abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	651,497	582	1,301	4,844	200,319	359,048	27,595	57,809	0
1956	772,639	533	983	1,015	269,942	422,148	18,892	59,127	0
1957	666,826	926	1,566	5,559	187,084	375,700	23,559	60,482	11,951
1958	502,042	121	3,536	NA	219,587	136,737	34,053	61,664	46,344
1959	589,959	1,106	1,768	37,669	275,747	171,409	26,280	62,584	13,395
1960	784,071	713	0	1,367	369,182	227,008	27,597	63,201	95,003
1961	654,832	95	12,931	43,687	279,615	126,780	52,821	66,505	72,397
1962	905,075	486	9,104	12,392	207,811	342,747	38,765	68,100	225,670
1963	1,055,298	0	1,455	23,146	198,773	319,375	70,482	107,072	334,995
1964	873,374	742	9,781	29,124	256,634	317,564	54,384	79,954	125,190
1965	1,260,275	133	7,580	41,808	200,306	481,176	39,122	180,511	309,639
1966	1,680,441	1,392	1,879	30,424	479,606	575,370	78,826	160,052	352,892
1967	1,384,634	1,243	6,650	78,494	415,764	409,166	82,038	148,579	242,700
1968	1,948,955	86	13,410	76,842	491,606	679,884	42,690	136,596	507,841
1969	1,573,390	85	4,289	82,556	338,981	463,498	22,792	146,608	514,581
1970	1,608,072	85	22,685	38,475	343,276	511,537	50,295	103,354	538,365
1971	1,605,616	85	7,607	30,165	362,838	590,171	31,316	87,211	496,223
1972	1,622,943	85	23,022	37,785	444,939	488,815	67,088	27,516	533,693
1973	1,245,616	513	16,412	44,784	281,022	451,507	66,387	44,330	340,662
1974	1,592,352	5,343	8,215	16,939	495,640	644,723	52,797	102,120	266,574
1975	1,643,881	903	6,354	18,842	303,696	744,569	40,137	136,745	392,636
1976	1,244,760	552	6,659	16,873	308,696	679,395	56,163	90,508	85,913
1977	1,298,990	83	34,396	43,773	392,235	607,488	66,910	31,440	122,666
1978	1,557,988	2,042	18,044	28,600	279,676	532,861	44,402	263,188	389,175
1979	1,757,892	735	43,567	20,909	346,447	695,477	66,298	165,988	418,471
1980	1,392,884	702	56,477	44,641	319,614	474,563	119,359	128,892	248,636
1981	1,395,366	2,450	61,724	65,546	309,430	409,483	57,657	219,863	269,214
1982	1,633,765	2,081	58,282	25,034	215,521	619,727	47,725	187,600	477,794
1983	1,519,210	1,386	8,326	19,848	142,293	573,312	49,109	162,365	562,571
1984	1,515,045	3,949	37,570	11,013	204,445	411,816	15,533	118,889	711,830
1985	1,302,986	2,252	18,558	13,888	164,891	588,412	54,735	87,544	372,706
1986	1,547,139	NA	69,548	15,022	226,430	559,866	100,438	104,909	470,926
1987	1,305,607	653	42,271	18,737	127,093	539,128	63,430	85,408	428,887
1988	1,349,928	6,004	68,443	38,167	256,444	376,208	56,534	101,022	447,106
1989	1,414,554	4,915	87,357	21,292	250,164	387,935	60,414	219,199	383,278
1990	1,672,063	4,597	106,608	18,126	414,419	539,476	110,506	120,662	357,669
1991	1,583,655	8,875	81,961	49,419	292,740	507,677	65,251	228,814	348,918
1992	2,032,759	4,395	99,297	14,121	357,967	626,929	105,505	292,888	531,656
1993	1,755,222	654	80,421	37,918	414,289	429,562	78,381	285,259	428,738
1994	2,318,290	2,295	83,702	31,700	511,707	639,777	49,997	360,824	638,288
1995	2,835,729	654	63,768	37,841	410,569	583,604	81,149	685,238	972,906
1996	2,983,991	5,234	74,219	9,775	404,175	930,116	100,573	410,588	1,049,310
1997	3,897,210	1,309	92,728	21,345	308,295	1,155,292	91,466	1,227,281	999,494
1998	3,742,225	333	139,045	7,795	360,238	1,342,039	102,987	496,309	1,293,479
1999	3,235,478	4,913	138,519	9,891	332,528	1,028,707	115,620	378,771	1,226,529
2000	3,158,411	2,724	99,536	11,806	310,857	649,964	85,075	289,355	1,709,093
2001	2,679,157	6,543	111,105	14,754	256,756	715,449	106,253	402,796	1,065,501
2002	2,235,449	987	161,942	27,172	333,366	359,696	131,798	186,535	1,033,952
2003	2,549,028	4,580	75,848	30,366	240,943	1,076,560	94,085	205,988	820,658
2004	2,589,577	1,871	138,332	22,252	289,920	751,787	147,593	205,261	1,032,561
2005	2,179,111	2,654	77,031	18,798	338,207	723,032	120,402	186,673	712,313
2006	2,824,732	1,873	134,872	16,245	455,237	1,202,361	125,178	215,844	673,123
2007	3,355,903	3,211	100,073	14,632	343,378	1,317,263	110,111	265,852	1,201,383
2008	2,727,679	4,000	108,939	9,630	420,325	1,011,218	112,495	200,499	860,572
2009	3,053,516	2,000	66,629	8,817	400,976	1,043,832	117,909	318,918	1,094,435
2010	2,976,662	2,892	50,794	14,351	323,152	913,276	101,726	392,031	1,178,440
2011	3,256,941	1,333	40,782	32,723	346,517	1,020,016	92,232	469,976	1,253,362
2012	3,585,615	631	56,059	30,835	378,294	1,144,311	112,570	253,925	1,608,991
2013	3,351,362	1,638	33,444	12,787	339,544	1,300,439	132,648	217,153	1,313,709
2014	3,811,022	NA	43,194	35,745	565,034	1,454,509	236,345	425,558	1,050,637
2015	3,834,078	2,000	34,379	6,700	564,484	1,462,822	204,861	527,940	1,030,891
2016	3,712,044	10,596	107,140	20,841	652,911	1,473,214	134,792	281,734	1,030,816
2017	4,179,991	1,333	59,176	6,919	872,862	1,495,968	125,205	558,320	1,060,208
2018	2,885,912	NA	50,717	7,738	418,493	1,218,405	100,814	422,204	667,539
2019	3,258,709	431	77,318	4,315	592,184	1,107,385	139,691	409,136	928,249
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	2,684,716	17,307	101,343	10,856	429,270	855,559	144,684	219,619	906,078
2023	2,561,374	NA	60,632	18,320	441,555	966,725	109,183	277,875	687,084
2024	2,284,432	755	124,091	4,827	388,610	649,496	77,061	213,488	826,106
2025	2,412,884	377	154,861	6,603	428,222	871,396	74,474	227,933	649,018

Figure 52: Gadwall abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 54: American Wigeon WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 54. American wigeon abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	3,216,798	73,215	1,559,563	190,230	582,304	620,429	95,311	61,155	34,592
1956	3,144,990	82,309	1,317,909	50,472	535,550	946,174	122,918	58,996	30,662
1957	2,919,777	156,916	1,340,886	51,527	535,785	634,025	114,992	58,278	27,367
1958	2,551,724	140,750	882,123	63,286	548,883	473,138	353,060	58,677	31,806
1959	3,787,661	107,890	2,120,472	131,248	616,007	472,625	247,479	59,940	32,000
1960	2,987,572	132,206	1,623,260	149,756	539,938	365,228	83,081	63,584	30,519
1961	3,048,266	135,235	1,847,208	132,941	502,309	238,029	117,411	64,044	11,089
1962	1,958,746	180,180	925,316	187,678	380,146	150,209	56,804	68,290	10,123
1963	1,830,808	77,248	879,133	146,872	315,248	237,331	86,458	72,707	15,811
1964	2,589,605	118,482	1,404,337	214,079	346,277	310,129	115,703	71,609	8,990
1965	2,301,124	209,044	1,028,090	252,269	320,911	317,687	130,473	42,650	NA
1966	2,318,376	247,113	984,964	229,101	385,549	302,129	98,086	52,888	18,545
1967	2,325,465	280,898	545,043	191,502	485,275	649,108	52,397	106,312	14,930
1968	2,298,570	347,587	519,929	402,608	467,515	362,775	98,620	95,266	4,270
1969	2,941,435	337,124	683,029	417,153	403,794	831,660	111,666	130,464	26,545
1970	3,469,903	424,670	959,699	635,451	434,256	819,303	52,516	120,313	23,694
1971	3,272,855	321,506	871,807	491,908	502,040	951,415	28,786	85,604	19,788
1972	3,200,102	312,247	1,007,952	292,177	448,432	772,341	108,950	240,047	17,956
1973	2,877,944	334,919	1,054,975	328,265	394,136	474,367	112,370	164,158	14,754
1974	2,671,974	456,844	622,402	220,767	514,484	633,168	87,044	95,446	41,819
1975	2,778,347	224,435	767,975	227,452	384,299	893,723	54,284	168,046	58,133
1976	2,505,181	242,239	620,548	302,918	344,513	720,058	56,285	149,997	68,623
1977	2,575,130	487,050	942,452	296,959	194,907	490,684	25,098	114,686	23,294
1978	3,282,423	626,430	1,069,114	421,826	303,478	519,911	22,592	246,547	72,526
1979	3,106,495	563,676	797,780	329,006	402,492	784,147	60,467	128,494	40,433
1980	3,595,488	741,425	1,100,805	403,273	403,885	610,439	61,201	180,892	93,568
1981	2,946,043	859,750	998,245	417,433	179,810	211,695	34,744	77,277	167,089
1982	2,458,713	464,212	694,013	299,593	199,965	594,333	35,014	135,092	36,492
1983	2,636,238	557,362	674,483	331,179	170,873	675,023	30,392	119,392	77,535
1984	3,002,226	658,399	1,349,482	286,591	158,359	322,256	28,473	117,952	80,715
1985	2,050,681	397,779	755,242	234,711	177,253	290,085	32,847	91,891	70,872
1986	1,736,521	476,903	549,000	166,156	90,165	292,326	39,430	76,737	45,804
1987	2,012,530	462,823	895,317	209,062	110,393	159,427	20,892	107,833	46,783
1988	2,211,090	527,684	925,935	317,269	85,486	194,130	26,943	69,683	63,960
1989	1,972,873	550,813	660,596	363,323	95,932	181,403	24,848	75,198	20,760
1990	1,860,100	536,313	510,948	304,380	123,237	177,271	31,515	170,902	5,535
1991	2,253,971	641,130	788,919	314,279	117,898	234,315	21,737	116,572	19,121
1992	2,208,356	593,239	663,277	267,509	170,304	324,887	23,848	133,616	31,676
1993	2,052,985	537,974	749,843	261,005	198,492	195,205	13,791	80,769	15,907
1994	2,382,249	727,803	479,422	411,865	193,154	261,001	16,234	200,830	91,940
1995	2,614,539	730,022	833,790	199,935	179,760	401,835	13,513	161,536	94,150
1996	2,271,706	818,887	509,622	180,034	191,111	311,817	33,432	147,233	79,570
1997	3,117,617	953,468	1,094,490	199,859	190,539	381,851	20,463	200,506	76,442
1998	2,857,701	1,196,854	744,788	182,934	150,303	305,540	8,751	180,639	87,891
1999	2,920,084	932,276	1,045,763	215,621	179,573	345,527	20,042	103,702	77,579
2000	2,733,146	1,141,269	721,714	146,938	225,193	253,138	19,387	121,592	103,915
2001	2,493,549	1,105,934	727,918	99,837	186,807	177,290	18,164	87,688	89,910
2002	2,334,443	1,036,394	672,771	202,493	77,479	174,479	21,726	46,949	102,152
2003	2,551,448	1,019,528	850,197	191,451	131,605	218,864	15,759	43,397	80,647
2004	1,981,284	897,213	564,511	149,388	116,578	128,062	3,441	65,786	56,305
2005	2,225,079	873,162	583,480	174,273	125,455	294,242	34,177	67,151	73,140
2006	2,171,222	821,865	569,995	105,353	188,566	282,189	16,218	119,891	67,145
2007	2,806,791	1,113,425	842,715	143,022	170,472	324,796	8,552	121,128	82,680
2008	2,486,615	920,977	819,439	90,135	179,790	372,035	11,965	58,307	33,965
2009	2,468,576	805,221	792,820	147,437	132,624	237,428	8,847	215,733	128,467
2010	2,424,633	1,053,340	597,489	73,085	124,301	192,606	11,120	166,464	206,229
2011	2,084,044	620,766	650,402	125,957	199,617	281,493	4,855	92,039	108,916
2012	2,145,004	685,887	679,726	130,225	234,478	243,379	4,916	85,387	81,006
2013	2,644,303	577,206	1,100,458	230,076	197,263	369,144	9,858	43,320	116,979
2014	3,116,654	734,291	1,561,994	74,250	224,291	273,231	13,599	128,954	106,046
2015	3,037,040	541,032	1,505,976	99,421	305,498	251,159	8,281	194,753	130,919
2016	3,411,312	723,962	1,787,571	91,656	237,046	215,369	4,683	197,830	153,195
2017	2,777,067	643,527	1,423,856	71,154	187,684	295,521	6,379	53,522	95,425
2018	2,820,394	597,212	1,326,006	147,215	208,146	271,824	11,654	118,230	140,109
2019	2,832,105	398,134	1,554,990	106,886	251,442	239,871	12,774	152,474	115,533
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	2,186,896	733,950	740,195	204,815	164,257	138,926	13,476	99,520	91,757
2023	1,889,704	110,979	1,029,318	251,366	155,504	111,721	6,473	117,431	106,911
2024	2,922,015	212,467	1,928,289	173,528	72,269	191,344	3,980	113,769	226,370
2025	3,189,464	295,304	2,108,286	230,951	155,353	168,329	2,966	103,582	124,692

Figure 53: American wigeon abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 55: American Green-winged Teal WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 55. American green-winged teal abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	1,807,165	14,149	973,737	64,697	351,266	359,645	25,164	18,508	0
1956	1,525,315	17,723	770,238	35,572	182,240	484,260	17,830	17,452	0
1957	1,102,890	39,427	566,645	12,349	186,193	251,993	29,587	16,696	0
1958	1,347,428	72,550	792,217	NA	205,077	182,252	74,707	16,124	4,502
1959	2,653,435	77,855	1,982,535	97,097	324,350	110,034	45,866	15,698	NA
1960	1,426,915	25,347	885,305	12,208	262,316	205,506	20,183	16,049	NA
1961	1,729,269	47,269	1,152,447	16,179	320,587	101,737	64,857	16,705	9,488
1962	722,916	44,115	481,424	51,764	63,388	44,166	10,703	17,360	9,996
1963	1,242,290	64,313	893,582	51,400	72,773	73,759	63,606	20,166	2,691
1964	1,561,319	79,696	1,169,305	105,729	114,628	69,109	4,296	18,556	NA
1965	1,281,993	193,203	713,795	74,015	117,249	125,336	32,519	25,876	NA
1966	1,617,319	170,244	939,621	84,276	176,110	114,220	45,879	23,676	63,292
1967	1,593,690	275,091	533,176	101,286	174,972	367,714	75,090	53,898	12,463
1968	1,430,896	315,221	605,463	88,873	121,517	200,706	42,693	31,456	24,967
1969	1,491,016	202,629	257,604	151,370	204,538	408,781	161,478	14,346	90,270
1970	2,182,469	249,677	400,450	171,016	203,628	801,360	74,304	47,926	234,107
1971	1,889,342	321,359	566,347	170,359	263,317	386,865	120,819	21,479	38,798
1972	1,948,224	198,803	858,748	137,992	288,071	232,246	107,022	45,202	80,141
1973	1,949,204	217,550	728,358	123,847	311,867	331,195	117,316	72,231	46,840
1974	1,864,466	404,302	385,275	152,237	404,833	295,379	106,519	33,842	82,079
1975	1,664,842	108,607	564,923	134,450	230,776	412,817	63,428	86,661	63,180
1976	1,547,490	187,942	271,409	213,060	345,644	356,483	110,937	34,738	27,278
1977	1,285,810	207,933	469,994	231,400	151,905	168,132	35,361	17,548	3,537
1978	2,174,210	278,440	805,050	440,726	222,319	233,904	116,559	35,141	42,071
1979	2,071,738	254,062	789,552	333,895	256,774	315,995	36,700	60,885	23,875
1980	2,049,867	316,496	697,285	437,657	224,048	174,346	27,532	18,935	153,568
1981	1,910,501	516,139	758,757	207,967	180,132	140,851	37,264	27,814	41,577
1982	1,535,688	210,326	770,533	180,682	127,493	112,910	32,758	49,723	51,263
1983	1,874,974	260,505	964,870	219,636	136,150	172,386	49,448	25,340	46,640
1984	1,408,237	310,303	585,300	178,597	117,742	132,664	34,851	19,756	29,024
1985	1,475,406	264,973	673,017	134,599	106,661	179,903	19,307	14,219	82,727
1986	1,674,923	384,256	817,482	176,062	78,682	95,852	44,307	14,904	63,378
1987	2,006,242	362,445	1,127,056	209,900	120,282	85,813	37,831	12,248	50,667
1988	2,060,757	385,197	1,054,156	276,268	162,043	92,656	24,523	20,965	44,949
1989	1,841,674	402,147	956,313	173,726	106,049	115,474	36,945	32,719	18,301
1990	1,789,489	473,763	718,217	241,460	132,524	135,727	36,815	47,654	3,329
1991	1,557,776	546,682	453,658	225,742	131,086	131,756	30,382	32,976	5,494
1992	1,773,069	375,993	547,679	446,600	174,434	135,604	49,700	25,249	17,809
1993	1,694,463	444,632	570,783	398,155	175,929	77,817	3,176	11,963	12,008
1994	2,108,448	562,753	697,422	274,185	152,574	253,233	18,675	85,182	64,425
1995	2,300,594	556,196	749,504	308,353	245,312	271,327	35,299	45,021	89,582
1996	2,499,547	757,644	427,782	332,286	314,510	351,231	106,427	85,654	124,014
1997	2,506,585	512,275	608,084	367,697	324,417	418,509	69,069	95,411	111,124
1998	2,087,346	679,010	657,823	246,067	92,234	271,238	44,940	38,177	57,858
1999	2,630,962	679,434	984,397	271,847	190,546	342,245	40,652	68,093	53,748
2000	3,193,525	946,230	1,282,073	188,993	308,129	294,806	60,805	60,204	52,285
2001	2,508,656	1,028,811	741,645	181,401	190,496	202,321	31,463	63,517	69,002
2002	2,333,495	630,952	928,376	339,256	147,019	127,343	25,483	79,423	55,642
2003	2,678,494	1,035,264	766,994	307,813	131,788	272,568	48,436	85,304	30,327
2004	2,460,842	818,738	835,132	374,516	98,430	124,319	27,036	104,098	78,573
2005	2,156,911	713,019	437,456	309,515	158,538	358,954	54,984	82,866	41,579
2006	2,587,219	780,083	750,950	303,237	177,861	400,578	65,445	33,658	75,407
2007	2,890,271	822,805	862,204	307,449	283,152	495,010	33,294	43,626	42,730
2008	2,979,731	654,724	1,068,313	282,083	296,547	560,608	47,818	56,366	13,271
2009	3,443,599	658,474	1,225,393	398,571	175,479	648,384	47,842	174,513	114,942
2010	3,475,937	954,267	1,464,056	105,178	129,694	398,453	48,290	39,010	336,988
2011	2,900,096	641,361	1,250,642	126,177	275,376	421,959	55,249	19,011	110,322
2012	3,471,243	704,803	1,566,914	135,526	274,142	496,509	157,449	19,071	116,830
2013	3,053,444	451,814	1,228,778	358,000	195,500	575,226	60,223	22,518	161,385
2014	3,439,896	475,046	1,716,318	117,559	367,699	465,804	76,446	11,723	209,302
2015	4,080,923	565,591	2,333,261	140,498	327,325	451,796	99,075	56,472	106,905
2016	4,275,441	778,804	2,337,285	116,046	299,756	467,598	140,025	36,304	99,624
2017	3,605,276	616,665	1,816,126	136,116	341,617	472,348	74,600	26,545	121,259
2018	3,042,672	449,023	1,587,179	187,381	189,874	323,947	84,775	49,126	171,367
2019	3,178,219	416,404	1,680,781	218,873	301,495	277,259	71,891	44,677	166,839
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	2,150,890	330,913	1,074,887	212,527	156,478	234,323	40,943	63,068	37,752
2023	2,502,585	126,323	1,581,478	275,941	165,234	186,969	30,740	71,716	64,183
2024	3,005,466	219,762	1,829,338	217,231	86,363	280,344	41,544	63,337	267,547
2025	2,546,250	196,379	1,418,515	156,144	166,000	354,267	33,606	99,366	121,973

Figure 54: American green-winged teal abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 56: Blue-winged Teal WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 56. Blue-winged teal abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	5,305,238	0	342,817	57,999	1,550,238	2,068,507	470,599	114,433	700,646
1956	4,997,646	0	292,797	64,575	903,759	2,542,739	284,709	115,558	793,509
1957	4,299,499	0	40,330	41,342	908,556	1,924,310	391,256	117,797	875,908
1958	5,456,584	0	201,348	221,457	1,078,543	1,650,704	1,120,162	131,117	1,053,254
1959	5,099,309	0	911,885	147,199	903,562	1,087,019	1,247,586	129,505	672,553
1960	4,292,995	0	417,421	70,785	877,793	1,112,769	699,198	97,343	1,017,686
1961	3,655,304	0	578,862	35,981	897,110	583,022	521,299	193,405	845,625
1962	3,011,051	0	244,421	241,665	346,740	383,752	368,354	140,238	1,285,881
1963	3,723,624	0	128,013	306,825	426,848	504,893	401,535	145,736	1,809,774
1964	4,020,614	0	508,488	444,908	634,556	735,756	358,838	138,975	1,199,093
1965	3,594,457	57	227,581	164,890	494,085	669,095	284,199	236,025	1,518,525
1966	3,733,241	0	141,100	137,311	533,204	909,736	213,050	241,588	1,557,252
1967	4,491,525	1,128	21,248	230,182	712,934	1,395,676	627,614	216,205	1,286,538
1968	3,462,528	1,452	29,994	803,335	325,319	720,229	313,137	135,704	1,133,358
1969	4,138,588	0	46,083	521,952	363,220	966,589	445,767	251,456	1,543,521
1970	4,861,825	9,921	50,600	616,159	440,876	1,552,614	672,922	196,216	1,322,517
1971	4,610,201	2,109	114,266	194,446	714,293	1,291,387	314,268	224,502	1,754,930
1972	4,278,529	0	152,572	205,673	494,851	1,012,888	406,256	294,311	1,711,978
1973	3,332,530	0	48,825	162,834	459,217	887,888	399,443	127,551	1,246,772
1974	4,976,222	0	99,983	69,724	1,209,712	1,312,215	686,767	182,268	1,415,552
1975	5,885,357	0	285,659	183,452	1,108,175	2,360,150	360,989	290,998	1,295,934
1976	4,744,744	0	158,415	395,957	820,335	1,799,610	654,609	433,974	481,843
1977	4,462,839	2,783	635,514	454,609	750,958	1,631,307	292,917	284,207	410,545
1978	4,498,618	3,561	385,951	415,711	393,236	902,361	279,164	319,585	1,799,049
1979	4,875,866	0	280,595	228,824	592,923	1,482,802	440,752	293,195	1,556,775
1980	4,895,079	3,561	470,163	514,304	834,569	1,307,164	290,224	234,364	1,240,730
1981	3,720,649	4,033	411,820	532,598	1,148,075	781,509	253,899	133,044	455,670
1982	3,657,565	0	234,742	391,955	498,144	605,878	289,639	478,301	1,158,906
1983	3,366,531	1,453	149,309	179,399	419,133	963,207	226,642	347,701	1,079,686
1984	3,979,328	4,892	322,463	206,231	429,216	993,592	171,008	229,649	1,622,277
1985	3,502,357	NA	200,587	316,734	295,318	1,327,329	172,344	186,673	1,003,372
1986	4,478,820	5,949	455,829	125,306	361,868	876,499	326,546	186,710	2,140,113
1987	3,528,696	1,546	440,556	215,234	596,632	674,828	203,180	189,797	1,206,923
1988	4,011,108	13,317	580,403	656,721	552,905	755,343	197,853	300,007	954,559
1989	3,125,255	1,057	237,540	449,148	418,152	578,438	176,409	187,383	1,077,128
1990	2,776,382	NA	189,374	268,792	521,168	875,476	268,593	194,599	458,380
1991	3,763,687	NA	207,047	444,672	580,235	936,689	208,517	267,962	1,118,565
1992	4,333,105	NA	314,834	445,877	716,094	1,362,432	376,989	223,865	893,013
1993	3,192,940	2,906	260,586	520,354	526,558	570,072	269,188	192,419	850,858
1994	4,616,162	NA	194,188	223,593	466,610	980,162	92,783	752,000	1,906,825
1995	5,140,010	2,906	166,120	124,061	430,834	1,088,351	301,793	396,430	2,629,515
1996	6,407,422	NA	194,521	120,519	505,871	2,046,644	295,524	441,590	2,802,753
1997	6,124,267	NA	203,804	69,514	358,461	1,974,360	300,397	472,655	2,745,075
1998	6,398,812	NA	339,948	156,556	521,876	1,589,022	257,901	736,908	2,796,600
1999	7,149,486	NA	206,286	175,085	391,543	2,110,905	439,555	558,969	3,267,143
2000	7,431,442	NA	274,876	125,944	577,823	1,622,427	355,035	237,768	4,237,569
2001	5,756,998	NA	119,315	148,146	367,782	1,267,464	484,127	157,748	3,212,416
2002	4,206,479	NA	303,541	306,746	244,160	667,137	230,101	249,248	2,205,546
2003	5,518,162	2,906	314,303	182,141	322,586	1,918,273	419,729	419,403	1,938,820
2004	4,073,034	2,219	400,612	60,411	360,165	1,154,742	282,315	319,771	1,492,800
2005	4,585,518	2,784	247,373	139,219	649,154	1,597,006	338,684	286,389	1,324,910
2006	5,859,567	NA	315,531	81,520	864,306	2,228,084	425,609	346,391	1,598,125
2007	6,707,612	9,330	368,681	121,155	668,503	2,379,813	274,009	276,588	2,609,533
2008	6,640,096	NA	393,323	86,815	817,658	2,317,671	264,875	234,607	2,525,148
2009	7,383,834	NA	248,148	116,131	480,406	1,739,781	302,916	344,580	4,151,873
2010	6,328,511	3,913	278,864	4,521	293,600	1,363,233	211,791	307,798	3,864,790
2011	8,948,451	1,461	144,136	30,576	470,380	2,488,852	392,617	894,204	4,526,224
2012	9,242,268	NA	146,926	50,720	595,745	2,607,562	327,436	661,138	4,852,740
2013	7,731,668	NA	386,098	39,715	751,567	2,758,507	345,148	225,912	3,224,721
2014	8,541,534	NA	377,388	45,956	834,316	3,109,225	474,127	1,177,845	2,522,678
2015	8,547,299	NA	359,937	94,188	1,168,852	3,566,905	522,495	618,183	2,216,738
2016	6,689,361	NA	446,683	134,649	897,674	2,103,710	331,939	638,532	2,136,175
2017	7,888,918	NA	578,857	46,847	1,643,941	2,820,489	300,000	528,433	1,970,351
2018	6,450,456	NA	489,777	71,143	1,171,038	1,700,196	340,721	398,521	2,279,060
2019	5,427,612	NA	711,258	5,217	706,901	931,879	157,593	198,147	2,716,617
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	6,491,075	11,164	670,398	75,050	453,978	1,214,162	353,457	439,944	3,272,923
2023	5,250,313	NA	569,574	61,359	450,907	1,404,676	203,639	551,020	2,009,138
2024	4,598,953	NA	677,159	71,822	587,964	930,224	196,682	441,935	1,693,168
2025	4,431,736	NA	552,230	44,891	573,205	1,108,909	280,068	478,135	1,394,297

Figure 55: Blue-winged teal abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 57: Northern Shoveler WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 57. Northern shoveler abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	1,642,809	2,530	289,199	6,867	397,210	667,073	54,728	78,979	146,222
1956	1,781,409	2,723	194,706	1,927	404,963	854,377	66,519	76,381	179,813
1957	1,476,104	5,105	104,017	7,931	349,831	637,868	85,433	75,419	210,500
1958	1,383,766	18,179	232,741	3,503	442,257	335,357	83,397	77,352	190,980
1959	1,577,591	14,167	603,841	57,186	321,119	264,463	160,841	78,337	77,637
1960	1,824,513	13,267	202,540	17,426	431,919	604,342	142,542	72,900	339,577
1961	1,382,962	24,007	409,699	16,676	303,463	233,867	121,437	78,229	195,584
1962	1,268,952	13,804	215,592	35,428	196,817	79,804	49,457	86,828	591,222
1963	1,398,436	9,348	129,580	41,211	378,016	196,937	124,473	106,730	412,141
1964	1,718,260	11,750	493,763	103,347	341,960	375,309	119,808	96,488	175,836
1965	1,423,657	28,074	201,416	71,834	276,232	293,647	107,196	84,684	360,573
1966	2,146,961	29,486	192,533	63,181	470,839	809,890	99,257	108,600	373,176
1967	2,314,697	24,225	142,084	47,640	538,540	807,683	170,010	168,133	416,383
1968	1,684,488	150,176	110,788	48,949	394,635	479,420	77,178	144,180	279,161
1969	2,156,783	58,347	65,531	61,772	433,252	777,381	151,188	184,667	424,645
1970	2,230,414	85,431	77,653	70,766	329,082	760,655	126,678	144,170	635,979
1971	2,011,420	37,814	141,064	44,899	423,593	907,672	68,253	125,635	262,490
1972	2,466,458	68,324	197,432	42,166	435,736	921,903	119,047	131,508	550,342
1973	1,619,001	72,394	167,736	38,881	466,095	538,385	47,958	88,589	198,964
1974	2,011,299	139,602	135,281	16,903	587,970	705,214	97,552	112,090	216,687
1975	1,980,758	40,928	145,045	44,519	550,321	730,330	51,295	201,063	217,256
1976	1,748,066	83,955	89,765	20,230	325,035	822,932	157,731	131,593	116,826
1977	1,451,847	199,386	327,871	81,326	220,775	422,711	38,935	67,789	93,054
1978	1,975,298	218,676	85,836	44,191	258,970	426,651	65,159	298,235	577,581
1979	2,406,509	110,648	121,657	25,881	391,405	692,352	85,859	282,819	695,888
1980	1,908,201	392,743	232,671	49,266	388,768	494,687	56,678	67,069	226,319
1981	2,333,551	622,873	260,205	58,844	503,911	335,314	99,799	205,437	247,169
1982	2,147,638	161,282	99,469	41,604	320,364	699,031	135,382	247,130	443,376
1983	1,875,652	186,586	83,435	34,725	200,299	792,829	121,693	150,321	305,765
1984	1,618,247	235,308	163,402	38,201	187,302	370,934	47,806	155,060	420,235
1985	1,702,092	176,998	118,511	37,565	321,237	670,984	76,351	77,839	222,607
1986	2,128,193	264,923	237,038	16,791	220,715	538,761	156,167	129,909	563,889
1987	1,950,177	326,707	223,152	50,989	330,681	375,780	87,331	144,488	411,049
1988	1,680,920	404,050	258,445	88,230	165,576	428,308	99,826	85,261	151,224
1989	1,538,342	294,518	271,973	41,556	227,934	243,769	56,016	86,185	316,391
1990	1,759,343	361,987	261,932	55,164	322,514	447,811	77,326	115,048	117,561
1991	1,716,185	362,656	221,594	53,209	294,468	473,397	66,919	73,929	170,013
1992	1,954,371	365,876	284,670	108,775	241,407	571,923	137,890	48,294	195,536
1993	2,046,469	448,826	263,221	44,132	421,143	327,371	60,507	162,251	319,018
1994	2,912,021	499,960	166,712	58,163	421,445	737,458	42,640	335,557	650,087
1995	2,854,877	464,560	127,581	85,888	267,573	763,877	140,376	139,753	865,269
1996	3,448,958	481,325	117,834	35,676	373,845	1,212,812	176,733	207,100	843,632
1997	4,120,384	497,236	204,387	37,814	443,177	1,660,718	161,391	424,517	691,144
1998	3,183,223	852,469	394,370	43,325	329,423	790,546	91,713	191,142	490,235
1999	3,889,548	658,478	219,006	26,681	408,219	1,281,260	160,899	424,780	710,225
2000	3,520,738	846,385	247,967	36,271	380,429	899,774	175,829	160,551	773,531
2001	3,313,505	666,271	203,692	27,769	267,780	718,127	199,358	151,846	1,078,663
2002	2,318,192	580,831	371,369	38,432	273,949	310,154	100,174	136,341	506,942
2003	3,619,573	670,867	318,274	10,068	448,369	1,437,742	123,026	246,543	364,684
2004	2,810,431	642,604	246,511	32,816	384,649	783,624	142,871	200,028	377,327
2005	3,591,472	666,202	213,074	28,612	547,641	1,313,596	210,530	148,226	463,591
2006	3,680,225	408,631	192,543	11,864	700,753	1,611,641	177,794	163,274	413,726
2007	4,552,843	579,501	345,992	28,171	977,152	1,655,879	115,759	168,582	681,806
2008	3,507,828	465,722	322,333	37,215	617,572	1,183,784	89,552	134,481	657,168
2009	4,376,320	463,818	292,533	15,988	526,801	893,708	136,599	407,907	1,638,969
2010	4,057,429	626,117	296,698	3,667	475,055	794,998	87,073	220,645	1,553,176
2011	4,640,970	322,344	132,881	6,889	877,635	1,496,025	148,478	429,714	1,227,002
2012	5,017,561	376,760	274,657	11,117	914,995	1,857,662	137,772	340,613	1,103,986
2013	4,751,030	226,100	348,463	35,325	852,691	1,705,834	148,999	170,425	1,263,192
2014	5,278,857	372,368	371,612	23,876	914,033	1,711,046	255,034	521,102	1,109,787
2015	4,391,435	396,574	454,468	19,770	887,182	1,692,399	130,760	296,848	513,434
2016	3,966,902	560,476	785,611	17,131	460,942	1,206,910	119,069	209,216	607,547
2017	4,353,052	433,549	584,042	18,988	871,814	1,500,832	125,625	218,453	599,749
2018	4,207,913	367,032	415,035	22,135	1,027,228	1,066,001	109,242	387,236	814,004
2019	3,649,242	321,788	335,070	19,965	715,737	820,411	60,419	309,077	1,066,774
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	3,036,336	373,572	410,469	15,001	325,723	740,784	147,530	231,228	792,029
2023	2,858,356	127,922	419,838	33,362	299,331	923,841	83,182	282,047	688,833
2024	2,645,811	204,567	430,308	17,802	306,279	827,950	62,197	227,788	568,920
2025	2,758,185	178,534	305,260	17,167	396,585	1,016,222	68,414	210,068	565,935

Figure 56: Northern shoveler abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 58: Canvasback WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 58. Canvasback abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	589,257	48,591	52,742	66,172	96,240	266,234	36,663	9,037	13,579
1956	698,509	50,247	26,406	41,416	98,733	397,376	60,686	8,292	15,353
1957	626,072	59,367	25,063	5,889	100,592	362,043	48,505	7,670	16,943
1958	746,830	39,289	75,646	54,839	168,707	249,673	118,030	7,135	33,511
1959	488,684	77,409	80,638	115,612	78,148	81,192	39,344	6,669	9,671
1960	605,698	85,593	56,821	190,320	58,254	118,071	75,702	6,328	14,609
1961	435,251	14,690	50,009	118,937	63,861	120,986	54,850	6,058	5,859
1962	360,238	22,732	32,739	21,914	54,620	175,656	42,264	5,850	4,463
1963	506,235	69,254	100,405	87,131	77,628	90,882	57,910	5,833	17,193
1964	643,636	77,777	89,014	181,051	83,828	107,655	76,516	5,585	22,211
1965	522,120	66,523	44,632	77,211	100,526	126,493	82,630	3,460	20,645
1966	663,114	96,656	151,538	53,128	68,517	167,823	65,224	1,934	58,294
1967	502,576	48,854	33,354	78,146	97,884	137,480	75,248	1,598	30,012
1968	563,691	140,795	106,678	100,211	57,901	99,523	35,178	3,487	19,918
1969	503,530	63,450	76,527	30,416	26,683	162,416	61,754	5,543	76,742
1970	580,100	42,606	44,076	124,001	49,437	238,949	46,629	4,131	30,271
1971	450,674	46,233	49,169	21,773	39,010	202,092	69,283	5,631	17,483
1972	425,912	92,862	26,701	21,318	65,481	135,333	33,124	13,647	37,446
1973	620,451	127,100	50,780	73,488	54,039	228,926	34,909	15,564	35,645
1974	512,842	81,750	29,007	15,046	100,193	181,819	34,370	2,234	68,423
1975	595,098	39,393	64,269	35,044	78,945	252,884	77,565	2,112	44,885
1976	614,389	48,531	40,110	44,965	52,081	283,277	110,778	24,270	10,378
1977	664,042	168,622	49,316	50,400	64,639	256,461	58,162	7,040	9,401
1978	373,174	48,519	33,318	38,101	51,218	128,997	37,283	7,762	27,976
1979	582,004	62,365	51,826	25,412	53,462	280,931	49,316	22,487	36,204
1980	734,570	152,230	66,440	59,421	62,125	307,205	45,835	7,347	33,967
1981	620,843	133,576	133,507	85,126	49,418	110,099	65,875	5,357	37,885
1982	513,265	100,272	49,927	40,740	73,779	151,895	49,479	12,521	34,651
1983	526,612	109,231	68,981	32,987	49,684	212,701	33,382	6,494	13,152
1984	530,129	118,223	80,016	39,187	26,610	157,655	38,249	6,023	64,166
1985	375,929	80,541	14,107	33,546	56,591	118,752	45,576	3,100	23,715
1986	438,350	84,647	54,994	13,337	59,172	127,229	48,363	2,828	47,780
1987	450,109	99,281	27,809	13,565	53,490	184,156	36,467	980	34,361
1988	435,048	77,259	67,697	49,823	54,769	119,017	37,464	5,673	23,346
1989	477,439	131,649	110,005	34,490	36,657	81,515	33,480	7,048	42,595
1990	539,318	193,058	67,559	40,224	78,128	79,699	51,597	13,337	15,716
1991	491,151	125,852	80,103	38,106	58,413	130,547	43,289	2,059	12,782
1992	481,529	93,592	60,473	113,709	32,760	95,740	60,952	7,626	16,677
1993	472,055	82,469	127,926	52,609	45,856	93,027	32,976	11,556	25,636
1994	525,604	81,169	69,841	81,469	63,970	117,734	28,232	15,422	67,768
1995	770,593	125,595	120,157	32,559	60,492	282,285	91,838	12,222	45,445
1996	848,487	157,513	136,007	49,797	66,975	282,952	83,032	8,782	63,429
1997	688,754	44,986	93,403	50,341	68,518	280,056	63,531	15,857	72,063
1998	685,862	105,259	100,346	38,299	68,550	246,948	66,465	8,573	51,422
1999	716,039	88,957	151,409	45,480	56,133	253,376	70,515	6,876	43,292
2000	706,754	186,670	83,430	36,591	73,179	232,189	63,684	6,899	24,112
2001	579,826	89,029	62,722	31,565	31,885	232,199	56,310	5,851	70,264
2002	486,597	135,323	121,025	37,651	14,481	73,255	63,272	6,288	35,303
2003	557,575	88,976	115,123	13,230	69,687	194,783	41,815	11,357	22,603
2004	617,227	161,344	109,270	49,815	50,159	120,932	70,055	11,978	43,676
2005	520,574	95,049	97,516	39,193	42,688	162,444	47,658	4,788	31,238
2006	691,013	73,236	109,426	12,774	76,283	286,689	87,474	12,305	32,826
2007	864,924	91,717	138,910	34,160	127,296	324,344	77,250	16,751	54,494
2008	488,667	71,924	83,901	23,334	78,940	166,331	30,524	8,723	24,991
2009	662,135	41,301	88,111	48,730	51,880	280,330	48,396	25,980	77,407
2010	585,164	56,884	71,544	18,247	39,136	192,482	34,693	41,055	131,123
2011	691,560	22,487	51,093	30,527	33,131	334,961	67,628	16,965	134,767
2012	759,935	34,998	92,511	26,839	145,592	312,992	52,486	10,431	84,085
2013	786,978	34,505	92,287	30,027	54,318	381,353	61,998	13,462	119,029
2014	685,262	20,863	61,830	22,993	71,445	324,800	59,423	15,423	108,485
2015	757,281	40,808	109,174	35,379	114,350	270,237	37,511	18,103	131,720
2016	736,472	77,946	143,918	35,219	72,085	256,417	67,700	19,998	63,190
2017	732,531	86,565	110,494	36,521	63,725	295,239	76,617	13,585	49,783
2018	686,084	84,853	107,592	42,571	72,545	208,248	80,561	28,502	61,213
2019	651,925	78,336	105,855	24,659	133,180	160,143	56,053	30,131	63,568
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	586,643	31,679	119,042	21,508	70,956	192,554	82,526	13,488	54,889
2023	618,898	55,792	85,240	18,654	59,519	243,109	82,498	15,917	58,169
2024	566,319	68,035	55,726	29,085	45,005	196,880	85,470	14,323	71,795
2025	686,805	52,909	107,634	48,852	48,863	245,845	58,092	12,657	111,953

Figure 57: Canvasback abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 59: Redhead WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 59. Redhead abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	539,943	77	73,372	54,362	140,504	215,438	42,358	4,985	8,847
1956	757,320	82	66,319	16,487	145,690	449,138	53,460	4,633	21,511
1957	509,086	46	37,478	18,295	105,884	266,765	37,982	4,484	38,152
1958	457,122	0	29,463	NA	127,205	143,540	99,124	4,435	53,355
1959	498,774	0	133,770	0	113,249	108,583	123,685	4,209	15,277
1960	497,783	482	52,896	47,702	71,291	134,155	68,128	4,862	118,267
1961	323,304	49	56,811	52,574	78,127	46,550	31,367	4,185	53,641
1962	507,506	170	98,593	21,547	44,294	150,681	40,430	4,194	147,596
1963	413,426	373	18,157	25,490	79,611	44,602	93,075	5,731	146,387
1964	528,125	53	72,963	50,821	88,569	105,288	97,307	4,257	108,867
1965	599,308	1,303	9,436	56,408	93,321	114,140	148,576	2,983	173,142
1966	713,086	56	16,535	34,214	190,141	124,630	83,569	6,040	257,901
1967	735,691	57	29,065	72,427	194,413	175,999	68,163	12,361	183,206
1968	499,386	58	29,209	83,932	84,971	134,886	38,305	1,377	126,648
1969	633,193	59	9,756	40,181	117,774	137,803	60,186	2,776	264,658
1970	622,252	60	8,254	69,164	74,686	179,593	81,413	2,022	207,060
1971	534,420	60	14,551	29,342	68,723	169,263	65,647	6,595	180,238
1972	550,880	61	17,666	21,487	118,113	158,555	59,523	NA	175,475
1973	500,776	61	19,554	26,728	89,099	176,286	57,499	3,867	127,682
1974	626,322	61	7,896	6,616	155,310	237,626	86,899	1,049	130,865
1975	831,901	62	14,860	19,797	181,735	305,700	66,912	3,486	239,350
1976	665,865	62	6,122	21,055	173,409	311,671	83,148	12,780	57,617
1977	633,962	9,912	33,307	30,341	202,082	224,321	88,131	4,527	41,341
1978	724,648	62	28,690	19,715	133,845	130,314	68,856	10,981	332,185
1979	697,470	901	26,580	11,659	100,666	220,475	73,277	19,922	243,989
1980	728,375	2,408	35,245	34,079	268,364	190,929	42,065	4,372	150,914
1981	594,925	10,231	34,527	70,109	111,109	138,422	108,310	28,814	93,403
1982	616,851	63	13,928	29,027	57,828	123,435	74,196	19,875	298,499
1983	711,902	939	15,160	29,786	60,412	232,232	53,761	21,405	298,208
1984	671,321	186	42,008	11,371	98,329	201,569	16,455	22,607	278,796
1985	578,153	NA	9,776	17,186	133,947	219,554	42,215	3,546	151,929
1986	559,607	1,636	31,598	16,851	123,277	181,600	33,375	7,953	163,317
1987	502,425	186	5,634	17,462	143,546	154,252	44,788	4,985	131,572
1988	441,875	4,360	17,706	21,507	85,673	189,306	46,141	3,653	73,529
1989	510,712	3,378	41,795	7,929	96,588	137,780	27,686	12,470	183,086
1990	480,917	3,625	42,319	19,294	162,824	137,203	74,187	8,292	33,173
1991	445,621	14,619	55,021	27,511	110,780	131,056	73,792	9,625	23,217
1992	595,609	659	83,388	12,793	112,004	150,261	111,235	5,844	119,424
1993	485,418	1,679	72,507	8,494	110,341	85,677	36,783	14,089	155,848
1994	653,468	1,449	30,951	38,463	110,274	183,461	32,356	10,160	246,353
1995	888,484	NA	16,228	16,961	95,242	345,118	125,011	10,049	279,875
1996	834,231	639	23,900	6,957	102,699	293,215	86,549	14,187	306,085
1997	918,286	219	62,402	10,094	188,866	308,498	71,847	15,809	260,552
1998	1,005,079	NA	67,535	31,221	67,548	268,106	158,068	24,300	388,301
1999	973,394	NA	94,805	30,058	180,745	288,320	57,310	13,140	309,017
2000	926,298	622	25,773	40,638	106,769	323,806	87,762	9,830	331,098
2001	712,015	NA	26,272	8,133	53,950	224,287	117,236	12,768	269,369
2002	564,803	4,550	37,934	28,400	112,539	94,886	57,883	16,147	212,464
2003	636,799	2,976	29,301	26,355	96,923	271,324	70,827	22,045	117,049
2004	605,345	2,360	73,356	31,352	78,910	131,193	101,990	24,968	161,214
2005	592,295	224	49,435	13,348	91,349	225,591	97,738	2,851	111,759
2006	916,274	10,080	58,885	5,158	154,266	434,958	101,814	11,825	139,289
2007	1,008,952	1,720	79,565	9,968	178,960	414,189	71,520	5,780	247,251
2008	1,055,962	2,097	93,870	11,964	332,878	383,044	55,902	3,153	173,054
2009	1,044,115	846	28,524	6,213	134,955	285,329	68,768	32,592	486,889
2010	1,064,177	1,401	51,137	3,375	90,305	316,481	107,237	50,061	444,179
2011	1,356,076	846	14,914	16,539	166,718	438,190	64,964	39,547	614,358
2012	1,269,883	NA	16,355	19,338	183,478	382,884	98,792	20,276	548,760
2013	1,202,194	1,039	22,140	4,575	204,086	437,322	70,927	7,371	454,735
2014	1,278,738	NA	59,173	1,648	262,681	541,828	95,451	16,583	301,374
2015	1,195,934	NA	47,147	20,002	167,370	602,832	102,439	7,891	248,253
2016	1,288,793	693	86,599	11,325	218,921	637,236	144,583	19,770	169,665
2017	1,115,350	NA	46,212	11,964	221,032	528,034	131,441	2,123	174,543
2018	999,037	NA	77,822	19,269	244,570	289,944	134,934	30,553	201,944
2019	732,164	423	60,700	3,853	171,773	172,903	30,894	8,344	283,274
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	1,066,624	8,521	84,121	11,953	134,187	262,798	114,474	27,318	423,253
2023	929,942	NA	39,038	3,965	155,216	294,957	129,619	34,686	272,461
2024	782,015	842	60,773	3,729	70,729	260,569	59,677	31,209	294,486
2025	918,168	5,930	164,337	4,128	84,309	306,056	101,495	16,096	235,817

Figure 58: Redhead abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 60: Scaup WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 60. Scaup (greater and lesser spp.) abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	5,620,130	753,529	2,800,646	519,805	427,241	858,296	171,292	57,300	32,022
1956	5,994,080	785,945	2,648,479	568,414	483,205	1,274,657	147,877	53,878	31,624
1957	5,766,942	612,344	2,523,084	948,456	515,078	898,118	187,491	50,965	31,406
1958	5,350,372	796,797	2,442,658	491,358	490,625	519,954	535,666	49,302	24,012
1959	7,037,610	795,959	4,118,304	598,311	400,167	683,122	360,682	47,979	33,087
1960	4,868,569	831,350	2,630,023	228,937	325,779	484,451	265,420	46,648	55,961
1961	5,380,045	893,245	3,035,070	342,838	393,608	419,505	227,101	44,779	23,899
1962	5,286,098	1,252,000	2,746,477	331,830	231,904	418,844	153,191	44,040	107,812
1963	5,438,402	1,149,391	3,081,749	400,424	358,495	174,445	207,330	44,438	22,130
1964	5,131,798	1,005,518	2,909,274	463,531	400,469	162,858	145,839	41,670	2,640
1965	4,639,964	665,936	2,714,311	494,648	306,502	257,313	130,274	39,675	31,305
1966	4,439,240	827,528	2,592,733	384,382	238,706	193,509	112,444	54,791	35,146
1967	4,927,671	582,826	2,897,293	580,617	346,752	323,387	120,563	44,432	31,801
1968	4,412,682	982,187	2,253,631	698,005	233,992	95,641	83,242	33,843	32,140
1969	5,139,780	909,939	2,707,741	707,966	350,869	305,025	59,758	55,899	42,584
1970	5,662,477	847,809	3,008,370	890,766	367,910	322,829	88,839	47,760	88,194
1971	5,143,262	712,499	3,221,234	535,435	299,466	222,426	101,129	16,481	34,592
1972	7,996,967	772,525	5,483,114	891,762	426,765	242,571	69,223	67,038	43,968
1973	6,257,416	844,139	3,775,802	641,673	588,899	230,379	66,179	85,111	25,234
1974	5,780,464	799,266	3,081,586	920,676	368,630	377,899	146,280	40,733	45,394
1975	6,460,024	830,445	3,528,071	827,154	382,726	622,166	160,029	40,336	69,097
1976	5,818,746	1,057,363	2,707,301	585,467	625,930	504,645	208,720	66,300	63,020
1977	6,260,238	1,236,560	3,047,468	596,085	477,693	702,247	129,710	44,759	25,715
1978	5,984,411	931,800	2,871,013	715,347	462,961	526,169	231,513	105,365	140,243
1979	7,657,943	869,502	3,849,246	1,041,086	687,495	796,541	89,640	208,558	115,875
1980	6,381,655	1,244,015	3,196,776	587,079	472,963	628,970	161,998	38,966	50,888
1981	5,990,883	1,033,374	3,303,857	629,792	469,335	277,144	114,930	38,902	123,549
1982	5,531,964	853,830	2,730,444	590,831	522,077	496,595	129,652	83,250	125,285
1983	7,173,798	992,949	3,575,832	896,580	491,943	844,809	177,679	74,503	119,503
1984	7,024,320	1,095,502	4,175,201	562,288	367,493	510,174	81,055	98,951	133,656
1985	5,097,956	816,838	2,500,696	831,477	363,182	319,833	113,234	36,058	116,637
1986	5,235,304	795,481	2,527,231	601,469	322,744	468,909	251,898	54,652	212,920
1987	4,862,729	797,827	2,701,361	507,309	256,190	278,187	150,304	57,741	113,810
1988	4,671,351	770,177	2,339,907	538,073	345,157	366,910	109,024	68,607	133,496
1989	4,342,050	768,778	2,467,280	484,854	157,957	208,113	88,955	56,538	109,575
1990	4,293,141	803,390	2,038,157	710,219	307,318	199,330	114,576	45,208	74,943
1991	5,254,899	1,170,594	2,061,038	1,200,918	299,766	265,398	75,251	83,046	98,888
1992	4,639,232	909,988	1,811,641	998,722	288,041	438,565	107,400	23,883	60,993
1993	4,080,144	951,309	1,838,798	552,425	268,358	352,122	44,981	32,427	39,725
1994	4,529,044	1,148,608	1,977,562	382,345	264,964	343,869	118,247	48,865	244,583
1995	4,446,443	946,247	1,784,120	463,912	366,514	518,644	116,142	37,622	213,242
1996	4,217,405	1,056,867	1,476,903	436,132	376,349	462,511	186,676	67,361	154,606
1997	4,112,349	800,166	1,632,592	523,805	347,675	489,482	94,811	69,646	154,173
1998	3,471,916	927,866	1,436,450	253,274	243,105	300,158	61,578	28,975	220,510
1999	4,411,723	955,974	2,133,616	544,986	228,223	287,427	72,369	38,775	150,354
2000	4,026,322	1,219,183	1,620,966	292,975	292,335	272,775	60,064	41,256	226,768
2001	3,694,010	1,148,144	1,475,601	267,246	201,944	320,615	74,164	42,376	163,921
2002	3,524,142	792,048	1,784,303	378,014	146,475	149,681	49,670	49,713	174,237
2003	3,734,444	969,704	1,736,075	354,324	172,052	251,357	48,575	35,081	167,275
2004	3,807,191	982,435	1,624,426	581,560	124,093	184,770	31,442	27,590	250,874
2005	3,386,893	960,708	1,361,394	348,827	126,509	381,266	60,074	16,366	131,749
2006	3,246,663	883,851	1,169,374	334,868	213,921	391,001	96,887	18,610	138,150
2007	3,452,233	1,191,270	1,261,018	271,244	182,318	302,053	50,384	14,865	179,083
2008	3,738,349	1,070,619	1,626,732	405,942	175,531	256,318	59,770	16,327	127,109
2009	4,172,097	820,924	1,685,442	684,463	286,509	323,877	70,097	34,424	266,360
2010	4,244,429	947,143	2,378,279	208,488	127,023	245,534	52,782	14,429	270,751
2011	4,319,289	847,477	2,165,251	367,203	228,434	346,797	84,724	37,509	241,893
2012	5,238,630	849,496	2,839,272	337,565	294,349	521,382	102,061	17,696	276,810
2013	4,165,678	547,712	2,343,201	315,349	150,046	475,426	38,146	13,645	282,153
2014	4,611,054	577,874	2,127,036	200,808	247,348	850,405	163,772	22,059	421,752
2015	4,395,305	587,179	2,214,959	345,405	261,901	470,840	112,256	10,161	392,604
2016	4,991,714	653,481	2,805,401	349,301	256,896	433,311	102,469	14,970	375,885
2017	4,371,725	781,427	2,237,682	314,648	266,373	476,981	70,371	23,884	200,359
2018	3,989,325	669,727	1,964,896	268,152	259,846	409,205	82,130	28,204	307,165
2019	3,590,799	498,562	1,792,922	259,493	352,389	353,019	69,147	30,252	235,016
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	3,655,073	678,151	1,803,141	407,283	282,812	275,430	55,445	25,258	127,553
2023	3,517,135	476,922	1,839,742	426,338	290,700	237,960	51,746	58,097	135,630
2024	4,069,075	553,145	2,191,056	360,758	251,044	274,154	55,757	59,554	323,607
2025	3,667,154	575,227	1,982,894	435,502	249,565	225,121	68,026	17,251	113,567

Figure 59: Scaup (greater and lesser spp.) abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 61: Ring-necked Duck WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 61. Ring-necked duck abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	451,486	110	240,319	178,452	1,430	27,218	2,133	1,218	606
1956	349,519	105	248,612	55,298	8,813	16,901	17,829	1,362	600
1957	165,523	0	144,020	NA	1,491	10,947	6,955	1,481	629
1958	160,816	0	124,617	NA	4,472	11,669	18,368	1,572	117
1959	599,010	0	502,257	4,991	9,418	27,559	53,155	1,630	NA
1960	278,008	624	218,083	25,169	2,935	13,795	12,795	1,668	2,939
1961	198,383	0	121,889	38,955	10,138	8,352	17,362	1,687	NA
1962	364,515	0	149,867	202,730	2,130	NA	8,095	1,693	NA
1963	461,723	0	128,820	284,009	1,662	20,828	22,903	1,689	1,813
1964	370,986	0	157,374	194,865	3,408	9,638	4,021	1,679	NA
1965	512,484	0	235,624	230,503	11,012	23,183	8,877	3,285	NA
1966	648,175	0	185,642	436,042	4,331	15,984	1,313	974	3,889
1967	493,212	0	141,396	288,158	34,792	10,360	9,984	8,522	NA
1968	489,863	0	98,152	372,987	11,047	1,516	3,244	2,917	NA
1969	374,740	0	62,905	289,257	8,687	6,459	6,626	222	584
1970	673,324	0	159,220	474,650	14,214	13,931	7,454	NA	3,855
1971	658,064	0	155,243	457,837	36,221	7,175	NA	NA	1,588
1972	408,775	412	82,678	277,007	30,628	8,531	8,845	NA	674
1973	333,316	0	121,405	190,137	2,002	8,242	11,530	NA	NA
1974	346,278	0	64,361	211,053	15,135	42,563	10,454	2,127	584
1975	530,420	0	123,159	309,953	26,015	53,769	16,356	NA	1,168
1976	499,600	0	76,645	347,454	13,482	42,600	16,601	1,429	1,389
1977	535,615	62	202,878	258,676	23,939	38,991	9,046	653	1,370
1978	626,786	128	154,837	344,159	50,884	45,061	27,334	2,008	2,374
1979	453,220	764	91,260	250,201	21,324	46,839	33,768	NA	9,064
1980	688,971	836	121,438	436,803	8,945	55,491	59,765	890	4,803
1981	815,754	9,626	120,313	552,772	29,526	40,994	58,844	890	2,789
1982	600,883	3,853	69,897	383,897	23,699	69,791	28,667	9,508	11,570
1983	780,082	3,501	144,927	386,438	12,682	21,765	32,438	24,940	153,390
1984	729,728	28,656	134,786	449,402	33,597	42,735	8,040	8,016	24,496
1985	628,713	16,298	88,159	458,501	18,727	21,387	16,468	5,181	3,992
1986	566,989	65,933	88,726	331,962	11,687	13,743	17,911	8,300	28,727
1987	732,528	38,287	121,134	477,934	18,557	29,315	29,251	2,598	15,452
1988	737,421	50,457	179,176	398,427	35,327	30,682	26,018	11,581	5,753
1989	543,824	24,751	152,267	263,599	46,509	8,620	15,673	7,225	25,180
1990	632,464	35,023	134,995	372,590	12,421	19,789	29,983	4,413	23,250
1991	657,626	18,669	131,749	442,470	14,924	19,606	19,246	6,371	4,591
1992	1,286,570	35,663	122,426	1,046,040	15,423	16,084	9,140	12,744	29,049
1993	867,927	39,781	209,323	581,132	9,559	12,013	5,887	9,179	1,054
1994	880,088	28,997	225,048	554,042	12,588	15,695	11,879	20,094	11,745
1995	954,961	26,090	211,296	568,026	8,980	36,010	11,679	20,086	72,795
1996	772,691	29,951	143,533	455,827	10,081	82,889	20,526	6,155	23,729
1997	1,192,452	36,999	385,574	616,339	37,449	58,057	27,675	1,222	29,135
1998	1,166,752	60,582	317,606	716,974	11,918	30,771	11,394	2,998	14,508
1999	1,103,225	19,150	365,723	543,853	51,981	57,237	16,596	3,088	45,595
2000	1,278,283	65,473	478,776	595,655	16,220	63,882	41,243	707	16,326
2001	939,669	86,529	256,834	476,891	20,167	36,316	37,998	7,396	17,539
2002	1,490,041	52,132	161,419	1,172,098	7,530	29,672	29,967	4,578	32,645
2003	1,229,696	96,086	322,451	692,958	31,096	27,212	39,984	3,851	16,057
2004	1,142,511	71,668	222,776	754,008	44,081	19,603	19,843	5,149	5,384
2005	1,016,720	78,618	290,904	589,321	12,895	6,927	20,652	5,569	11,834
2006	952,672	83,590	251,006	491,661	21,488	59,318	26,556	15,401	3,652
2007	1,060,457	61,467	238,283	639,654	31,962	22,637	40,462	10,146	15,846
2008	1,010,841	40,901	283,553	579,036	21,395	49,762	24,198	4,480	7,516
2009	1,268,527	28,999	481,195	622,651	24,994	39,289	15,072	18,738	37,589
2010	1,145,670	46,086	625,628	331,987	16,141	57,354	17,428	16,053	34,994
2011	1,005,305	30,577	452,835	276,596	7,800	111,520	9,736	1,506	114,735
2012	1,022,043	30,427	371,174	423,252	7,157	111,462	32,951	2,804	42,816
2013	1,322,988	29,302	531,718	492,859	13,538	101,132	85,812	913	67,715
2014	1,573,864	49,030	681,224	464,352	19,258	176,243	65,159	60,814	57,783
2015	1,503,316	40,902	726,904	397,663	14,008	201,640	72,792	10,440	38,967
2016	1,772,715	56,873	934,562	460,264	42,277	172,888	31,764	27,030	47,056
2017	1,918,026	49,928	1,123,508	435,009	52,178	176,128	51,965	1,296	28,016
2018	1,783,080	38,912	812,462	649,154	43,933	121,632	75,712	6,421	34,854
2019	1,537,694	48,686	859,760	405,695	11,652	101,972	48,957	35,149	25,822
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	1,083,534	53,203	434,730	308,628	26,468	115,725	57,618	7,815	79,347
2023	1,532,462	19,827	541,298	705,825	47,393	84,267	56,237	10,903	66,712
2024	1,423,556	27,310	508,756	679,715	7,807	67,503	34,270	34,440	63,755
2025	1,517,376	27,740	974,834	365,701	26,061	65,707	28,386	10,931	18,017

Figure 60: Ring-necked duck abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 62: Bufflehead WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 62. Bufflehead abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	366,485	25,420	236,090	58,112	26,140	7,641	12,415	667	0
1956	365,116	26,868	252,953	35,547	36,632	8,806	3,615	695	0
1957	310,673	26,885	213,382	20,501	33,770	14,205	1,197	725	7
1958	321,362	15,714	202,694	45,972	39,475	7,518	9,218	771	0
1959	554,948	43,294	409,513	38,030	44,641	8,968	9,710	792	NA
1960	513,222	37,751	277,597	143,743	32,949	13,422	6,932	828	NA
1961	424,094	25,485	274,641	52,131	53,212	9,498	8,262	865	NA
1962	413,182	46,138	262,226	74,928	22,142	1,987	4,862	900	NA
1963	373,205	37,426	210,776	71,086	26,546	11,196	15,169	1,007	NA
1964	388,535	29,415	276,307	34,590	24,446	13,182	9,632	962	NA
1965	443,254	40,510	252,212	34,591	71,138	22,877	20,486	1,440	NA
1966	486,863	47,808	323,656	52,511	33,434	14,378	13,238	1,434	404
1967	491,468	54,147	256,133	80,575	48,640	18,058	32,589	1,325	NA
1968	578,055	37,159	249,902	217,013	32,448	29,476	10,007	2,050	NA
1969	653,897	32,946	358,755	151,753	44,142	39,162	25,725	1,414	NA
1970	642,280	43,536	306,760	220,532	40,370	20,522	8,379	376	1,805
1971	769,248	44,545	452,695	209,017	33,837	12,612	16,542	NA	NA
1972	756,168	40,862	428,648	185,596	53,320	31,727	10,284	5,731	NA
1973	541,076	40,487	299,541	145,058	30,593	17,890	6,368	645	494
1974	663,601	64,846	373,253	156,109	25,989	19,122	22,138	1,694	450
1975	696,678	44,018	390,717	142,217	56,129	43,688	19,533	376	NA
1976	751,937	81,727	327,653	246,038	47,317	23,759	24,146	1,297	NA
1977	653,380	51,062	324,548	185,140	35,200	38,500	18,930	NA	NA
1978	880,666	69,757	446,095	225,239	60,638	40,666	35,575	1,942	754
1979	885,028	78,958	453,912	222,471	67,167	42,409	12,588	4,903	2,620
1980	696,621	60,021	369,943	180,066	32,328	23,908	26,860	1,021	2,474
1981	672,831	40,037	304,556	207,362	55,464	29,181	31,977	2,365	1,889
1982	553,100	48,194	249,786	154,741	42,220	24,723	24,075	6,944	2,418
1983	946,749	45,007	517,058	253,778	57,370	36,247	27,154	376	9,759
1984	854,269	37,821	589,281	142,032	25,754	27,630	20,082	5,187	6,482
1985	554,214	36,788	301,089	139,217	16,954	26,868	31,783	1,021	494
1986	638,721	38,657	365,496	134,425	33,818	33,916	26,483	376	5,550
1987	748,248	55,759	479,870	120,633	22,662	32,906	36,418	NA	NA
1988	720,175	46,731	446,362	119,305	50,807	20,419	29,024	5,599	1,928
1989	744,198	54,676	445,637	150,226	32,509	21,880	30,472	3,698	5,100
1990	745,490	31,763	407,934	200,378	36,522	31,746	30,184	6,019	944
1991	834,350	40,059	420,323	205,043	80,036	44,311	37,994	5,608	976
1992	1,030,544	32,271	428,798	410,789	67,581	37,561	41,498	5,726	6,318
1993	869,405	29,729	364,254	330,876	79,610	43,876	18,226	358	2,475
1994	765,723	38,319	401,486	183,395	43,090	42,057	40,321	7,235	9,822
1995	832,558	37,931	459,946	172,870	68,323	41,869	41,613	1,174	8,832
1996	879,963	49,745	467,314	173,920	103,462	52,985	29,507	1,294	1,736
1997	1,123,815	40,177	619,714	222,081	91,329	91,615	53,372	3,546	1,980
1998	945,880	46,697	472,410	235,398	73,919	78,803	35,415	2,114	1,124
1999	1,111,666	41,166	601,213	265,930	69,529	88,391	41,731	3,043	663
2000	910,287	39,704	382,714	260,591	70,930	112,810	38,195	3,409	1,934
2001	925,596	54,410	481,770	213,228	59,180	73,669	36,874	1,794	4,671
2002	948,388	38,290	485,954	262,023	47,226	75,350	34,696	542	4,307
2003	1,089,491	46,615	558,124	258,978	82,872	99,374	38,769	3,562	1,195
2004	1,053,228	43,849	532,066	298,785	70,637	55,215	50,455	1,834	387
2005	1,137,042	51,726	619,523	235,941	78,860	91,789	54,903	3,655	644
2006	1,144,396	46,319	606,111	229,867	107,600	101,426	49,737	2,299	1,038
2007	1,151,544	60,963	547,177	275,095	98,154	107,560	59,218	2,266	1,111
2008	1,071,011	56,816	561,513	229,193	60,121	116,041	41,672	1,554	4,100
2009	1,108,861	58,936	503,058	348,068	69,632	85,891	38,713	1,699	2,865
2010	1,415,389	53,456	797,480	273,802	76,700	172,057	34,023	3,832	4,039
2011	1,271,931	55,168	591,973	314,920	99,844	150,098	35,525	5,324	19,079
2012	1,409,406	48,489	745,485	255,944	141,370	182,482	30,125	NA	5,510
2013	1,203,561	43,770	537,395	256,703	76,971	209,058	62,426	547	16,691
2014	1,311,841	43,499	617,994	225,350	126,038	229,216	42,988	616	26,140
2015	1,587,902	42,528	700,610	349,564	123,783	296,113	69,954	NA	5,350
2016	1,353,573	44,086	689,446	204,341	98,543	226,435	85,413	556	4,752
2017	1,329,279	43,181	599,393	275,746	146,902	201,411	51,789	NA	10,857
2018	1,291,366	44,521	602,175	222,612	114,953	235,452	58,246	5,177	8,231
2019	1,154,245	38,205	532,169	192,997	94,533	214,819	54,363	11,679	15,481
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	1,006,243	35,023	405,745	226,378	80,605	185,169	65,379	2,598	5,347
2023	996,305	15,856	438,472	174,429	98,078	210,436	49,324	3,293	6,418
2024	1,394,373	50,101	654,667	260,788	108,345	200,503	101,797	1,129	17,043
2025	1,381,433	60,817	640,918	218,830	106,172	281,784	66,029	NA	6,882

Figure 61: Bufflehead abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 63: Ruddy Duck WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 63. Ruddy Duck abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	289,859	6	34,732	NA	76,180	128,697	28,904	8,538	12,802
1956	388,665	6	29,593	NA	78,270	231,810	28,602	8,282	12,103
1957	221,282	6	6,904	NA	43,444	126,127	24,925	8,012	11,864
1958	170,712	0	18,693	NA	51,584	66,230	24,560	7,739	1,906
1959	548,219	0	100,268	4,495	79,151	256,132	76,840	7,510	23,823
1960	362,963	0	23,497	2,075	97,861	116,771	60,407	7,372	54,979
1961	343,124	6	67,452	27,378	49,800	71,428	92,851	7,263	26,946
1962	217,951	0	1,225	39,289	21,895	59,550	49,507	7,180	39,305
1963	245,249	0	22,237	17,859	37,418	38,531	98,281	7,178	23,745
1964	223,945	7	7,830	6,302	92,953	34,264	68,705	7,082	6,803
1965	237,499	7	6,408	18,644	93,379	42,614	65,530	247	10,669
1966	326,606	8	17,512	11,523	83,012	77,068	95,751	3,048	38,684
1967	324,318	8	15,342	20,004	111,877	58,726	74,859	1,666	41,836
1968	385,528	9	7,721	83,831	96,722	83,345	87,996	4,782	21,123
1969	273,081	9	36,462	20,708	47,903	54,967	38,626	22,864	51,542
1970	328,355	10	10,367	18,339	66,904	42,062	64,692	3,490	122,490
1971	267,094	11	12,541	8,751	56,720	60,181	52,880	1,321	74,688
1972	343,968	13	45,551	12,559	101,955	67,151	25,835	5,656	85,249
1973	289,609	14	18,841	10,325	38,224	115,961	43,867	3,969	58,408
1974	457,920	15	9,557	9,040	93,341	98,476	55,554	3,095	188,842
1975	678,425	16	21,550	4,453	184,681	80,323	49,940	4,474	332,989
1976	176,162	17	1,566	6,413	33,571	58,362	45,305	1,862	29,066
1977	316,512	18	42,471	7,957	101,483	101,834	34,650	1,156	26,944
1978	362,750	19	8,267	11,790	75,549	49,972	51,087	19,898	146,168
1979	299,172	20	10,692	6,690	42,045	91,103	22,288	32,063	94,272
1980	354,274	20	18,959	29,206	33,938	57,940	80,539	1,299	132,372
1981	633,200	21	53,077	53,920	62,966	49,705	91,792	17,094	304,625
1982	947,872	22	25,888	18,560	116,002	181,908	146,203	22,062	437,227
1983	715,003	23	171,613	24,126	72,906	108,529	55,049	11,369	271,388
1984	554,021	1,451	58,792	8,670	62,324	78,878	31,634	12,366	299,905
1985	390,445	NA	28,715	7,260	43,776	128,272	39,344	7,997	135,081
1986	585,000	NA	112,732	6,548	32,902	120,190	68,533	6,910	237,185
1987	400,819	NA	30,329	6,097	35,823	105,566	79,997	2,531	140,476
1988	268,845	119	17,764	13,529	77,895	61,243	57,384	25,099	15,812
1989	424,424	836	109,224	12,267	65,604	80,122	51,315	6,637	98,419
1990	473,077	653	78,963	32,609	129,916	56,232	68,853	9,196	96,655
1991	449,671	NA	44,059	22,486	193,766	58,480	68,697	37,980	24,203
1992	418,358	NA	106,349	9,637	85,226	116,146	58,390	9,547	33,063
1993	387,202	NA	120,285	51,796	57,054	78,071	22,759	1,817	55,420
1994	342,424	NA	12,559	673	65,536	102,211	14,427	35,599	111,418
1995	510,769	NA	42,748	20,515	128,458	158,131	32,074	6,989	121,854
1996	680,273	837	67,942	15,264	302,195	166,676	38,710	3,351	85,297
1997	499,365	NA	31,486	17,447	87,116	124,098	31,402	9,585	198,230
1998	612,498	NA	210,874	2,018	123,554	82,294	13,732	26,941	153,086
1999	713,746	NA	97,843	21,313	73,405	170,286	43,155	8,318	299,427
2000	654,351	NA	82,532	3,027	74,308	168,207	45,751	2,350	278,175
2001	566,715	1,023	39,850	12,591	51,612	134,255	58,648	29,426	239,311
2002	694,725	NA	126,847	19,909	86,481	69,957	108,487	26,196	256,848
2003	762,987	NA	155,559	27,246	54,857	358,216	40,507	26,336	100,267
2004	782,343	837	99,025	27,042	93,460	229,930	143,271	20,922	167,855
2005	457,078	NA	71,806	16,371	42,708	136,936	41,344	24,003	123,911
2006	521,061	NA	57,817	9,773	58,295	170,637	40,722	26,769	157,049
2007	836,205	NA	39,168	8,191	49,190	516,439	46,597	29,334	147,286
2008	575,743	NA	44,416	2,872	45,805	136,541	45,934	16,451	283,724
2009	582,036	NA	60,621	13,275	64,035	135,425	12,436	64,611	231,633
2010	530,922	NA	112,910	2,077	48,814	101,463	16,930	15,846	232,881
2011	604,520	842	38,563	6,158	36,023	357,736	26,142	13,071	125,985
2012	569,642	NA	38,106	9,449	31,868	290,576	31,660	18,418	149,564
2013	897,999	1,007	59,153	2,664	84,845	500,030	32,565	1,276	216,459
2014	823,032	NA	36,517	9,025	69,154	435,833	40,568	4,072	227,863
2015	844,190	NA	93,733	72,250	60,045	435,772	24,706	16,977	140,707
2016	1,069,145	NA	184,313	1,415	113,351	427,269	77,249	17,487	248,061
2017	1,014,085	NA	54,593	3,163	122,058	553,776	56,916	16,483	207,096
2018	679,333	NA	57,015	26,653	90,367	229,697	77,679	11,265	186,657
2019	514,987	NA	43,989	10,540	101,191	134,438	20,856	32,274	171,699
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	738,917	1,608	47,280	25,113	71,484	347,144	59,189	17,546	169,552
2023	622,284	NA	25,537	8,758	116,988	231,154	36,070	22,504	181,274
2024	680,995	NA	44,016	32,765	65,471	151,950	37,000	80,698	269,096
2025	764,157	NA	55,752	33,243	53,812	323,851	51,185	16,566	229,748

Figure 62: Ruddy Duck abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 64: Goldeneye WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 64. Goldeneye (Barrow's and common spp.) abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	562,778	27,538	418,422	76,223	15,996	11,811	12,357	430	0
1956	414,815	28,917	289,608	40,289	21,071	21,189	13,281	460	0
1957	228,022	30,149	140,340	6,412	15,495	17,681	17,452	494	0
1958	798,183	39,019	472,588	238,933	9,080	9,812	28,222	529	0
1959	1,732,502	46,539	859,109	762,963	8,734	13,271	41,321	565	NA
1960	530,657	45,906	134,874	274,306	11,372	21,435	42,165	599	NA
1961	673,285	41,243	375,515	220,458	11,241	10,598	13,600	630	NA
1962	792,813	69,789	360,992	332,183	7,929	7,783	13,481	657	NA
1963	302,809	60,891	32,242	196,345	2,440	3,892	6,288	711	NA
1964	319,937	23,720	160,027	120,677	5,860	2,584	6,373	696	NA
1965	343,159	44,441	204,012	73,020	1,457	8,802	11,391	36	NA
1966	247,907	45,769	39,876	142,230	4,880	10,501	2,102	1,346	1,202
1967	288,833	122,644	64,985	68,501	NA	14,327	18,376	NA	NA
1968	584,864	130,244	30,331	389,549	5,639	22,506	6,595	NA	NA
1969	411,523	94,705	36,774	254,739	8,908	8,731	7,029	637	NA
1970	420,117	63,266	35,666	288,099	3,622	15,492	13,972	NA	NA
1971	402,894	81,671	38,921	214,726	20,413	14,262	32,900	NA	NA
1972	458,024	92,499	75,381	253,301	15,609	4,575	5,503	11,157	NA
1973	527,719	93,251	39,309	351,594	19,651	20,632	917	2,365	NA
1974	414,745	84,061	58,397	228,654	17,678	13,923	12,033	NA	NA
1975	393,424	96,603	37,700	193,389	15,508	16,367	33,856	NA	NA
1976	589,326	87,770	69,487	357,281	28,286	15,943	30,559	NA	NA
1977	554,807	93,640	91,783	295,733	3,887	64,829	4,299	637	NA
1978	503,146	68,520	119,234	224,655	33,240	14,039	42,505	NA	953
1979	542,187	103,980	184,326	191,071	7,557	35,657	18,506	1,091	NA
1980	556,230	113,376	196,535	173,144	29,566	29,381	12,636	1,592	NA
1981	716,811	62,323	108,170	492,521	4,640	20,143	29,015	NA	NA
1982	443,997	76,033	83,402	226,717	6,802	20,752	29,058	1,233	NA
1983	515,761	73,646	103,921	288,059	6,802	16,223	22,175	NA	4,935
1984	712,473	85,552	390,565	216,021	1,727	15,204	656	637	2,111
1985	476,447	97,031	97,397	213,078	16,178	27,120	23,608	1,274	761
1986	626,995	67,808	166,772	318,972	29,908	19,903	20,324	2,547	761
1987	474,423	71,813	46,330	278,839	24,169	22,678	29,565	NA	1,029
1988	373,535	90,292	62,118	161,586	31,635	4,289	23,615	NA	NA
1989	403,870	63,108	105,130	182,213	16,087	20,171	16,070	1,091	NA
1990	329,654	47,256	81,418	141,407	19,303	5,714	33,919	637	NA
1991	319,935	51,750	79,173	142,770	10,588	17,991	13,345	4,318	NA
1992	561,508	34,169	69,295	378,446	10,077	44,362	25,160	NA	NA
1993	592,296	69,266	90,378	382,228	9,506	34,685	4,718	1,515	NA
1994	486,347	59,441	152,575	222,756	15,063	34,758	322	1,432	NA
1995	651,105	73,979	102,050	395,398	31,397	41,859	5,221	1,202	NA
1996	1,209,365	77,925	39,271	989,700	6,081	53,002	42,518	869	NA
1997	752,838	67,189	90,999	521,320	6,934	37,413	28,105	878	NA
1998	723,879	77,213	102,711	394,404	44,718	66,664	37,420	749	NA
1999	681,845	69,244	54,072	494,437	5,759	29,493	27,438	1,401	NA
2000	894,230	55,738	91,246	639,831	26,529	40,509	38,645	478	1,255
2001	789,063	95,654	88,665	542,721	22,588	10,151	29,283	NA	NA
2002	705,198	80,585	58,751	518,201	6,573	21,405	18,046	1,637	NA
2003	764,148	75,732	197,144	336,340	34,241	64,759	55,932	NA	NA
2004	567,279	92,544	66,420	345,089	26,271	16,010	20,433	512	NA
2005	490,250	61,139	22,147	284,761	10,586	88,472	23,144	NA	NA
2006	880,745	88,084	231,163	426,693	50,371	70,527	13,907	NA	NA
2007	800,339	38,258	191,734	448,215	28,213	60,877	32,299	NA	744
2008	640,093	52,622	117,663	336,844	37,636	66,185	27,858	558	729
2009	687,744	32,202	138,391	434,596	13,679	28,559	38,642	947	727
2010	693,268	40,990	231,031	291,515	58,030	60,547	11,154	NA	NA
2011	846,139	49,702	465,088	248,979	36,574	33,586	12,211	NA	NA
2012	754,542	41,856	346,498	254,292	25,697	59,332	26,181	NA	685
2013	789,230	49,222	385,027	226,127	42,003	44,422	42,429	NA	NA
2014	535,933	35,176	216,578	188,917	37,832	28,415	19,310	9,705	NA
2015	630,043	33,530	345,993	135,151	31,357	51,216	24,306	8,490	NA
2016	644,289	20,533	409,198	79,828	25,619	59,382	47,885	1,846	NA
2017	568,817	35,681	276,883	85,886	62,045	49,116	59,206	NA	NA
2018	644,894	28,803	377,761	112,444	33,374	55,765	36,746	NA	NA
2019	663,209	19,515	391,539	82,367	37,429	88,700	43,658	NA	NA
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	712,013	155,489	248,185	125,735	59,657	42,835	79,093	1,019	NA
2023	636,229	59,486	268,329	178,812	19,285	60,930	46,750	2,637	NA
2024	975,425	58,159	596,882	216,457	23,466	69,032	10,170	1,259	NA
2025	814,292	64,639	441,700	166,390	23,174	107,007	7,729	3,003	651

Figure 63: Goldeneye (Barrow’s and common spp.) abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 65: Canada Goose WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 65. Canada goose abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	1,108,437	610,345	361,627	93,959	NA	5,578	0	36,928	0
1956	1,158,096	594,604	413,999	80,324	692	770	31,516	36,192	0
1957	874,803	624,573	148,574	48,708	17,160	NA	0	35,787	0
1958	818,422	385,786	285,519	58,675	35,377	14,160	3,256	35,648	0
1959	1,200,811	472,587	502,838	150,686	31,231	7,779	0	35,690	NA
1960	1,037,678	626,406	264,636	44,806	50,562	14,951	483	35,833	NA
1961	884,771	565,965	131,254	102,246	37,859	11,428	0	36,018	NA
1962	951,400	742,225	90,671	43,670	24,724	13,905	0	36,204	NA
1963	849,017	506,027	232,526	30,088	34,063	9,914	0	36,399	NA
1964	786,608	624,289	17,672	50,986	37,997	19,162	0	36,502	NA
1965	654,329	383,256	76,636	137,870	24,002	12,829	685	19,052	NA
1966	508,508	261,344	152,656	56,087	19,015	16,943	0	138	2,325
1967	598,203	272,516	138,898	97,202	34,570	8,046	1,192	44,915	863
1968	599,866	351,249	73,080	113,070	15,014	4,923	343	42,187	NA
1969	742,312	384,305	85,286	170,198	23,506	28,629	0	42,867	7,520
1970	726,862	399,002	131,465	85,544	28,388	22,116	9,038	50,445	863
1971	755,964	367,339	122,435	90,883	49,958	47,294	14,788	63,268	NA
1972	496,158	199,166	120,743	67,252	30,538	26,725	16,753	33,666	1,316
1973	452,536	230,747	72,833	56,989	35,658	16,419	15,705	18,823	5,362
1974	467,268	269,202	39,613	62,018	29,195	25,200	15,372	22,772	3,897
1975	464,688	208,640	93,353	65,828	30,151	24,986	13,395	23,733	4,602
1976	420,410	171,849	57,848	97,570	19,807	34,759	6,354	28,251	3,971
1977	456,534	225,481	45,239	89,444	23,833	25,592	14,986	29,575	2,383
1978	657,616	266,008	63,605	205,993	30,234	35,289	20,456	29,250	6,780
1979	624,843	251,270	72,345	156,520	35,517	42,371	17,793	43,693	5,334
1980	552,667	229,166	61,360	123,395	21,053	43,968	30,021	37,313	6,392
1981	727,901	260,563	146,690	138,079	45,574	58,981	29,507	38,168	10,338
1982	683,122	297,158	78,911	98,414	40,301	62,481	22,514	51,660	31,684
1983	750,704	208,369	178,745	140,016	41,675	84,970	38,771	41,473	16,685
1984	686,882	247,176	73,055	114,955	46,810	91,321	29,762	58,294	25,509
1985	784,499	206,558	182,654	142,920	49,560	94,650	32,238	56,165	19,754
1986	805,298	184,820	177,375	144,632	79,626	117,335	39,126	40,769	21,615
1987	958,467	172,934	352,555	158,368	58,972	118,417	27,888	46,341	22,992
1988	1,115,857	196,496	288,852	223,260	95,545	116,221	53,178	108,391	33,914
1989	1,085,366	218,183	166,504	194,374	79,262	162,170	85,257	118,347	61,270
1990	1,110,110	247,388	139,163	212,638	113,796	184,035	42,615	119,018	51,457
1991	1,069,658	282,468	176,844	178,098	66,754	188,664	43,853	85,671	47,304
1992	1,079,908	272,975	164,267	185,508	100,102	140,492	45,423	114,232	56,910
1993	1,070,343	211,801	193,893	200,976	85,085	163,064	53,370	115,405	46,750
1994	1,146,378	296,216	113,618	211,068	129,029	196,620	36,111	102,414	61,301
1995	1,356,617	282,139	205,632	238,288	157,999	220,011	42,492	123,179	86,878
1996	1,359,171	319,049	200,011	222,897	160,180	176,800	48,255	125,166	106,812
1997	1,277,857	297,214	108,257	168,845	109,846	289,587	69,217	105,944	128,947
1998	1,505,661	290,652	153,368	184,178	191,615	373,284	51,407	111,632	149,524
1999	1,557,754	255,682	257,627	311,984	151,764	238,380	41,806	107,447	193,065
2000	1,778,758	249,972	230,446	269,947	269,503	294,412	42,760	144,826	276,892
2001	1,729,295	291,399	241,724	209,284	213,491	289,125	42,041	139,613	302,618
2002	1,627,739	202,847	274,857	297,117	196,938	288,865	72,656	118,581	175,876
2003	1,753,805	304,306	198,853	228,108	193,319	391,948	74,642	85,858	276,772
2004	1,667,902	203,208	212,254	283,647	214,612	267,235	124,172	99,047	263,726
2005	1,714,409	231,086	209,175	298,178	212,194	283,553	58,339	103,295	318,591
2006	1,770,423	281,661	233,093	209,248	181,515	303,543	137,514	112,497	311,352
2007	2,137,543	284,734	310,878	219,235	219,835	380,451	117,456	152,486	452,468
2008	2,380,258	362,447	375,905	332,067	330,786	419,878	125,866	124,389	308,920
2009	2,124,526	265,595	242,286	288,541	187,133	465,839	146,593	127,136	401,403
2010	2,456,433	429,544	386,364	291,662	190,199	396,696	181,268	124,684	456,016
2011	2,567,036	268,905	394,172	362,473	170,072	580,027	176,333	52,238	562,814
2012	2,895,974	265,154	375,449	378,927	250,884	723,905	167,838	90,247	643,570
2013	2,436,483	217,308	355,556	283,117	244,410	490,779	175,570	109,097	560,646
2014	2,353,311	271,723	299,034	452,569	226,157	443,407	142,806	86,062	431,554
2015	2,665,423	167,950	535,750	444,245	270,319	527,645	173,632	128,614	417,268
2016	3,309,739	320,140	490,630	576,314	365,612	728,613	215,400	197,416	415,615
2017	2,757,948	236,875	341,964	454,472	308,791	641,469	187,992	193,899	392,485
2018	2,863,476	184,787	394,585	453,871	357,423	719,921	215,649	175,466	361,772
2019	2,909,203	231,144	452,424	445,134	309,957	660,476	234,623	115,906	459,540
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	3,348,450	144,024	504,247	482,704	439,473	622,739	229,767	189,909	735,587
2023	2,348,012	152,315	495,014	403,622	318,781	429,751	125,981	106,814	315,734
2024	2,428,130	160,745	482,638	517,023	194,150	535,431	152,344	107,578	278,222
2025	2,542,508	202,327	499,545	461,572	295,104	453,425	144,770	126,579	359,184

Figure 64: Canada goose abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 66: Swan WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 66. Swan abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1972	93,541	63,642	29,899	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1973	142,825	72,462	69,603	466	163	NA	NA	131	NA
1974	137,196	90,065	46,920	20	191	NA	NA	NA	NA
1975	122,421	77,541	7,225	31,209	6,315	NA	NA	131	NA
1976	184,301	154,378	27,845	1,362	716	NA	NA	NA	NA
1977	135,360	94,488	36,949	1,525	1,893	NA	NA	506	NA
1978	136,923	102,479	24,654	9,660	NA	NA	NA	131	NA
1979	161,195	112,175	44,387	4,109	NA	NA	524	NA	NA
1980	166,335	111,175	43,485	11,674	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1981	194,307	106,905	82,305	5,097	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1982	179,387	136,281	42,654	134	318	NA	NA	NA	NA
1983	212,834	118,970	86,732	7,133	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1984	151,516	95,496	51,281	2	199	NA	4,285	253	NA
1985	220,187	140,679	76,368	0	163	NA	2,471	506	NA
1986	165,748	100,721	61,948	NA	NA	287	2,792	NA	NA
1987	213,241	125,811	83,443	644	NA	300	3,043	NA	NA
1988	195,089	135,667	52,760	NA	155	3,450	3,057	NA	NA
1989	273,996	215,238	58,587	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	171
1990	303,481	267,220	33,859	NA	357	1,243	NA	354	448
1991	146,926	129,177	16,275	NA	NA	199	NA	506	770
1992	203,085	128,746	32,736	40,002	203	NA	1,228	NA	171
1993	172,836	138,026	32,922	1,755	NA	133	NA	NA	NA
1994	182,207	157,630	19,318	487	NA	502	3,934	335	NA
1995	280,547	175,378	87,124	17,852	NA	133	NA	61	NA
1996	188,847	172,322	14,301	1,133	210	880	NA	NA	NA
1997	267,960	212,828	43,333	4,546	902	862	5,489	NA	NA
1998	214,579	214,579	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
1999	243,982	194,463	40,956	6,693	395	1,327	NA	148	NA
2000	214,298	174,382	27,313	7,243	155	1,599	3,057	392	156
2001	162,938	136,318	22,937	1,587	610	509	977	NA	NA
2002	139,662	116,138	17,693	2,766	803	302	1,743	131	86
2003	144,336	106,783	28,781	4,175	662	75	3,490	NA	370
2004	161,204	116,295	23,798	19,664	464	929	54	NA	NA
2005	201,645	154,881	35,210	1,475	1,271	2,525	6,283	NA	NA
2006	190,945	164,945	17,851	3,696	1,942	1,404	1,107	NA	NA
2007	243,604	202,367	35,371	4,508	NA	974	385	NA	NA
2008	192,010	160,623	20,427	2,037	1,687	3,922	3,313	NA	NA
2009	199,807	125,198	27,149	44,252	NA	148	2,993	66	NA
2010	169,244	120,466	43,766	3,993	195	585	239	NA	NA
2011	195,231	121,916	33,887	37,551	NA	691	717	NA	467
2012	173,652	123,595	45,565	2,583	293	1,057	453	NA	106
2013	152,366	118,128	31,988	793	163	281	506	NA	505
2014	136,439	95,580	28,316	1,108	252	7,621	3,561	NA	NA
2015	174,921	118,183	47,526	8,449	NA	198	565	NA	NA
2016	167,003	118,092	40,636	6,911	78	460	398	67	359
2017	182,973	117,556	54,125	9,611	177	290	724	NA	490
2018	166,589	110,111	32,187	17,970	1,196	290	4,247	132	456
2019	158,905	104,344	31,546	18,896	589	1,006	2,337	NA	187
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	181,987	113,797	42,808	22,485	276	675	1,447	NA	499
2023	143,071	83,063	24,522	30,490	693	1,954	1,619	730	NA
2024	170,787	83,283	46,962	34,145	1,032	3,276	1,567	NA	523
2025	206,107	90,605	44,154	68,512	343	867	944	NA	683

Figure 65: Swan abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 67: Merganser WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 67. Merganser (common, hooded, and red-breasted spp.) abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	422,304	1,233	151,416	268,214	NA	455	196	789	0
1956	226,934	1,226	99,215	125,639	NA	NA	0	853	0
1957	193,020	418	87,253	104,438	NA	NA	0	911	0
1958	441,521	1,363	176,943	256,099	5,940	NA	193	963	21
1959	332,099	139	194,348	132,226	3,960	420	0	1,006	NA
1960	431,242	1,115	175,828	239,763	1,188	11,361	945	1,042	NA
1961	281,354	456	148,953	127,505	396	2,596	376	1,072	NA
1962	319,002	7,721	96,812	213,369	NA	NA	0	1,100	NA
1963	364,370	4,706	105,154	243,809	NA	9,399	0	1,302	NA
1964	287,031	597	99,210	172,354	1,584	2,433	9,691	1,162	NA
1965	344,012	2,054	109,084	207,765	9,268	5,219	8,957	1,665	NA
1966	326,022	2,132	78,950	231,160	7,746	NA	4,470	233	1,331
1967	400,185	7,715	58,742	324,226	1,814	NA	0	7,688	NA
1968	272,806	309	19,815	249,696	1,100	989	188	708	NA
1969	377,076	959	30,213	339,148	1,691	1,443	759	2,863	NA
1970	340,272	2,368	48,584	268,300	9,443	8,809	2,768	NA	NA
1971	258,049	1,786	17,977	232,374	4,056	1,260	595	NA	NA
1972	325,771	6,056	30,633	277,156	4,187	NA	5,599	2,140	NA
1973	286,191	3,755	32,672	235,672	2,101	2,178	7,470	2,343	NA
1974	315,677	3,355	21,125	269,667	NA	455	16,818	4,257	NA
1975	495,385	5,155	33,624	416,094	16,428	7,523	15,145	1,416	NA
1976	355,104	2,199	85,644	256,347	NA	5,323	4,764	827	NA
1977	494,457	7,852	143,165	323,670	4,800	3,364	8,950	2,656	NA
1978	665,003	11,504	168,550	450,802	16,088	6,486	9,624	1,948	NA
1979	491,048	5,535	124,388	308,489	5,678	12,983	27,356	4,073	2,546
1980	649,377	5,230	138,964	434,005	17,961	6,849	45,568	800	NA
1981	557,177	6,721	53,313	413,307	13,594	14,552	47,188	8,502	NA
1982	407,775	8,662	60,497	298,868	15,473	3,431	11,642	3,430	5,772
1983	641,437	7,228	78,522	461,967	15,322	5,941	60,491	NA	11,966
1984	619,018	20,221	116,503	427,788	4,906	17,722	21,659	5,607	4,613
1985	542,473	25,064	75,508	403,917	8,875	1,855	26,003	708	543
1986	445,744	24,710	34,330	363,322	8,645	NA	11,962	2,775	NA
1987	548,077	21,569	69,242	423,606	10,069	6,872	14,228	1,948	543
1988	526,758	24,094	62,811	397,478	21,560	5,817	11,487	3,017	494
1989	440,937	8,420	74,537	320,212	8,593	3,650	19,204	5,241	1,080
1990	447,878	10,141	91,708	292,192	4,982	7,945	34,190	4,548	2,172
1991	543,841	14,142	44,707	440,703	15,245	6,458	11,092	8,923	2,571
1992	547,418	19,222	125,943	372,391	8,721	3,820	16,056	1,266	NA
1993	528,314	23,047	71,091	410,540	6,295	3,548	10,407	3,093	293
1994	801,020	21,038	109,992	649,562	6,943	2,282	6,199	4,499	506
1995	610,362	16,648	70,811	491,555	10,436	7,544	4,408	7,025	1,935
1996	797,726	39,454	31,939	686,363	5,931	4,005	26,171	3,067	797
1997	852,869	25,159	49,740	697,839	9,796	6,455	53,357	9,152	1,371
1998	409,939	24,670	48,519	313,895	5,416	6,773	4,652	4,976	1,037
1999	476,592	15,102	96,031	299,814	8,136	2,623	38,879	16,006	NA
2000	762,848	32,794	187,976	484,305	5,061	9,187	26,394	15,215	1,914
2001	708,932	27,356	109,312	517,384	8,471	21,194	16,060	7,991	1,164
2002	1,048,311	22,772	96,605	893,503	10,460	2,960	10,979	11,032	NA
2003	1,028,957	20,416	116,609	876,838	2,560	2,427	6,618	3,489	NA
2004	1,082,580	22,012	46,745	997,439	4,211	3,078	6,064	1,819	1,211
2005	637,203	36,247	36,445	546,148	1,927	4,141	9,548	2,747	NA
2006	560,923	27,033	66,657	442,098	1,627	3,129	17,994	2,051	333
2007	630,683	36,686	91,875	479,444	2,888	5,285	14,251	255	NA
2008	793,127	27,235	94,530	601,416	7,723	3,590	56,632	1,709	291
2009	703,661	24,499	109,337	528,382	16,411	9,075	10,982	4,974	NA
2010	688,776	30,975	130,363	474,563	21,095	5,586	22,109	1,680	2,406
2011	738,619	29,520	122,272	553,212	7,527	5,974	12,401	4,171	3,541
2012	626,749	33,602	78,057	470,765	23,287	2,147	10,722	6,301	1,869
2013	392,065	18,322	114,678	223,381	7,201	8,853	10,195	3,129	6,307
2014	672,165	29,803	124,487	458,222	2,661	12,161	25,232	11,456	8,142
2015	876,815	32,494	134,966	664,078	20,650	6,743	15,178	767	1,939
2016	911,701	27,156	115,186	727,986	14,851	9,907	10,602	2,248	3,766
2017	999,239	44,457	52,183	862,058	15,762	16,463	4,817	1,675	1,824
2018	876,574	37,441	59,680	750,374	3,082	5,629	13,977	3,995	2,395
2019	662,728	27,392	81,348	505,697	5,776	10,454	8,444	19,360	4,256
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	708,987	20,577	92,501	552,223	6,093	11,528	19,414	4,056	2,594
2023	757,376	31,080	117,758	582,753	5,929	5,026	7,174	1,798	5,859
2024	857,212	31,926	107,124	687,902	3,760	7,134	13,591	3,198	2,577
2025	809,107	45,712	151,130	563,635	10,651	11,920	15,014	4,243	6,803

Figure 66: Merganser (common, hooded, and red-breasted spp.) bundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 68: American Coot WBPHS

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Table 68. American coot abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring, 1955-2025.

Year	TSA	Area1	Area2	Area3	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8
1955	654,372	85	30,748	NA	141,262	360,714	18,772	49,259	53,532
1956	869,216	238	5,473	NA	108,038	604,698	45,684	46,436	58,649
1957	632,467	5	0	NA	56,605	438,843	27,830	44,431	64,753
1958	424,735	0	0	NA	98,069	127,546	76,960	46,586	75,574
1959	944,514	0	156,775	138,300	169,760	145,323	170,796	54,926	108,634
1960	525,652	0	3,884	41,852	120,075	111,952	87,532	39,973	120,384
1961	584,168	5	62,589	114,327	92,872	70,527	125,400	41,175	77,273
1962	383,055	0	23,713	24,690	19,746	78,951	32,780	38,259	164,916
1963	375,799	6,353	22,846	86,096	82,177	27,371	43,635	45,559	61,762
1964	340,280	6	18,799	86,047	39,957	50,484	37,394	39,997	67,596
1965	397,989	6	5,654	90,386	65,136	63,564	46,199	24,481	102,564
1966	441,544	6	35,540	50,462	48,130	83,356	20,318	32,620	171,112
1967	822,466	6	6,608	105,549	202,542	178,983	74,096	36,993	217,690
1968	1,284,008	6	82,071	581,132	98,780	214,325	46,404	69,579	191,711
1969	775,394	6	13,549	39,187	144,825	203,789	120,689	43,784	209,564
1970	1,168,192	7	9,611	62,932	169,841	450,341	169,108	60,629	245,723
1971	960,145	7	20,484	45,333	99,723	481,517	120,880	18,832	173,369
1972	933,308	7	32,012	26,785	122,608	284,899	159,683	66,982	240,332
1973	1,236,505	7	167,405	99,558	145,425	465,919	69,406	89,131	199,654
1974	1,513,180	7	30,827	21,797	266,979	544,311	230,322	58,588	360,350
1975	2,257,919	7	36,637	52,858	483,329	799,782	282,924	64,175	538,207
1976	2,392,079	7	27,056	67,812	83,519	1,512,966	470,430	110,452	119,837
1977	1,664,828	7	428,722	318,816	285,358	269,357	179,959	114,314	68,295
1978	1,444,124	7	65,559	75,853	168,357	317,848	111,315	158,991	546,194
1979	3,458,968	7	7,730	29,570	417,979	787,159	182,855	528,084	1,505,584
1980	2,956,046	7	415,657	497,244	501,055	634,230	330,575	128,516	448,762
1981	2,682,441	7	198,729	777,010	405,024	395,073	157,473	228,089	521,035
1982	1,668,518	7	68,725	123,476	371,736	175,368	111,878	68,870	748,458
1983	1,820,007	7	138,412	40,315	253,247	546,681	123,936	117,217	600,193
1984	2,903,119	94	91,666	116,860	542,666	507,406	38,308	218,321	1,387,798
1985	1,682,385	NA	69,291	70,032	327,286	530,572	33,778	223,265	428,161
1986	1,699,157	NA	34,233	22,373	282,225	315,049	212,457	39,596	793,224
1987	1,780,300	NA	83,629	255,144	137,883	241,678	77,065	47,711	937,190
1988	3,223,206	NA	232,749	340,855	166,147	930,687	591,810	124,800	836,158
1989	1,640,876	NA	158,090	199,565	349,532	276,168	60,145	110,533	486,844
1990	1,664,462	NA	197,152	61,738	485,709	261,462	151,795	195,396	311,210
1991	1,151,959	NA	92,552	143,595	279,675	366,579	81,071	113,526	74,961
1992	1,380,235	NA	114,937	67,569	307,393	442,607	215,542	19,991	212,197
1993	1,025,062	NA	92,495	167,011	282,101	111,818	32,198	80,306	259,134
1994	1,712,227	NA	50,381	32,252	234,680	383,314	35,778	77,140	898,682
1995	3,438,877	NA	37,511	21,824	232,937	625,223	195,400	67,097	2,258,884
1996	3,131,109	NA	41,342	15,484	234,396	868,111	281,166	81,590	1,609,019
1997	4,915,601	NA	253,835	19,161	377,464	1,661,101	282,918	346,183	1,974,940
1998	3,138,078	NA	467,038	60,300	260,003	594,337	506,699	201,210	1,048,492
1999	3,069,152	NA	159,571	57,896	342,322	823,675	162,542	192,611	1,330,535
2000	3,659,459	NA	615,563	209,259	418,760	848,496	284,810	117,226	1,165,344
2001	1,845,852	NA	87,215	73,741	207,397	679,246	315,350	84,329	398,574
2002	2,518,449	NA	584,907	294,583	376,090	306,829	246,718	65,048	644,275
2003	1,195,485	NA	101,998	12,393	222,264	633,882	107,401	27,219	90,329
2004	1,862,040	NA	294,932	105,426	240,183	536,335	83,747	85,186	516,231
2005	1,591,035	NA	220,265	25,509	240,935	806,864	175,411	18,123	103,928
2006	2,102,263	NA	195,126	19,994	418,974	1,188,247	103,699	23,264	152,958
2007	2,591,169	468	87,724	25,832	444,380	1,406,277	81,656	66,738	478,095
2008	3,625,954	NA	281,459	43,538	667,924	1,640,884	129,965	244,744	617,439
2009	2,259,385	NA	62,253	42,205	321,137	601,935	253,161	128,910	849,784
2010	2,409,179	NA	129,577	5,177	333,652	590,896	46,784	151,379	1,151,715
2011	3,624,396	NA	49,405	9,113	488,029	1,336,121	226,997	117,293	1,397,439
2012	4,700,325	NA	88,659	3,952	498,022	2,333,385	110,731	110,888	1,554,685
2013	2,819,367	NA	41,866	2,153	521,606	1,106,576	141,258	27,334	978,573
2014	4,004,160	NA	45,556	2,907	775,060	1,505,727	208,362	244,294	1,222,254
2015	3,064,423	NA	134,372	12,868	420,134	1,792,217	256,800	114,825	333,209
2016	2,818,801	NA	142,341	5,930	376,842	1,482,890	204,577	120,712	485,510
2017	2,146,931	NA	43,184	1,429	547,897	929,750	161,970	24,550	438,151
2018	1,602,978	NA	58,946	3,300	295,120	356,532	149,497	250,255	489,329
2019	1,644,905	NA	45,703	20,300	543,264	142,118	15,170	118,401	759,949
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	1,175,333	NA	116,452	20,856	275,090	231,645	52,596	23,075	455,618
2023	964,444	NA	41,901	1,374	80,136	194,586	50,929	19,871	575,647
2024	1,254,151	NA	65,150	7,088	152,265	413,800	49,130	79,785	486,934
2025	1,124,421	NA	26,174	11,748	106,508	667,831	107,578	57,575	147,006

Figure 67: American coot abundance in the WBPHS Traditional Survey Area in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 69: Total Ducks State Surveys

Original data source: Breeding Waterfowl Surveys in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Data maintained by British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Table 69. Total duck abundance in Pacific Flyway States in spring, 1992-2025.

Year	BC	BC.SE	WA	WA.SE	OR	OR.SE	CA	CA.SE	Total	Total.SE
1992	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	497,441	62,646	NA	NA
1993	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	666,729	80,275	NA	NA
1994	NA	NA	NA	NA	322,756	24,327	483,207	45,480	NA	NA
1995	NA	NA	NA	NA	216,204	13,072	589,712	51,521	NA	NA
1996	NA	NA	NA	NA	289,169	19,658	843,708	90,314	NA	NA
1997	NA	NA	NA	NA	360,117	24,824	824,337	118,571	NA	NA
1998	NA	NA	NA	NA	345,661	18,062	706,789	80,937	NA	NA
1999	NA	NA	NA	NA	320,633	16,086	850,956	113,428	NA	NA
2000	NA	NA	NA	NA	309,715	17,109	562,416	62,535	NA	NA
2001	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	413,531	47,469	NA	NA
2002	NA	NA	NA	NA	260,372	14,095	391,953	34,977	NA	NA
2003	NA	NA	NA	NA	244,287	15,058	533,730	55,195	NA	NA
2004	NA	NA	NA	NA	226,859	15,128	412,799	41,240	NA	NA
2005	NA	NA	NA	NA	207,761	16,286	615,241	66,754	NA	NA
2006	364,462	17,990	NA	NA	248,538	12,076	649,376	67,641	NA	NA
2007	383,892	18,078	NA	NA	318,225	34,177	627,606	68,382	NA	NA
2008	377,121	22,367	NA	NA	220,655	15,464	554,294	58,962	NA	NA
2009	349,746	18,122	NA	NA	182,499	11,191	510,780	71,563	NA	NA
2010	339,250	16,506	200,056	15,348	204,660	11,646	541,368	60,159	1,285,335	65,290
2011	277,775	12,772	155,028	11,931	155,911	7,975	558,491	57,586	1,147,206	60,706
2012	313,715	15,584	167,279	10,538	260,041	15,934	529,703	57,512	1,270,738	62,574
2013	333,558	16,863	156,091	11,902	250,569	14,411	451,275	58,129	1,191,493	63,345
2014	355,815	17,662	172,837	15,802	313,000	37,172	448,749	69,360	1,290,401	82,184
2015	365,779	18,396	191,288	21,141	278,503	18,521	315,577	42,005	1,151,148	53,785
2016	321,342	16,889	119,048	6,972	213,270	12,070	417,363	41,998	1,071,023	47,364
2017	351,280	19,382	239,048	13,435	238,939	14,589	394,956	42,751	1,224,223	50,957
2018	346,286	16,371	277,256	21,680	293,547	21,995	548,821	59,113	1,465,910	68,674
2019	418,861	24,975	244,019	15,531	250,963	14,044	469,768	48,800	1,383,611	58,683
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	260,062	19,520	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	390,585	22,445	215,203	20,182	344,034	30,998	379,511	42,562	1,329,334	60,691
2023	369,069	19,276	201,754	15,472	197,490	15,733	495,438	51,647	1,263,750	59,379
2024	437,156	23,086	155,989	11,862	302,089	39,546	373,864	38,606	1,269,097	61,057
2025	416,637	17,791	156,096	9,848	267,222	17,005	474,495	50,323	1,314,449	56,878

Figure 68: Total duck abundance in Pacific Flyway States in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 69: Total duck abundance in British Columbia in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 70: Total duck abundance in Washington in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 71: Total duck abundance in Oregon in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 72: Total duck abundance in California in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 70: Mallard State Surveys

Original data source: Breeding Waterfowl Surveys in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Data maintained by British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Table 70. Mallard abundance in Pacific Flyway States in spring, 1992-2025.

Year	BC	BC.SE	WA	WA.SE	OR	OR.SE	CA	CA.SE	Total	Total.SE
1992	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	375,844	59,873	NA	NA
1993	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	359,008	50,253	NA	NA
1994	NA	NA	NA	NA	116,365	13,279	311,692	40,362	NA	NA
1995	NA	NA	NA	NA	77,843	7,328	368,526	42,126	NA	NA
1996	NA	NA	NA	NA	102,664	8,957	536,709	79,656	NA	NA
1997	NA	NA	NA	NA	121,796	12,599	511,344	103,580	NA	NA
1998	NA	NA	NA	NA	125,998	10,674	353,901	47,746	NA	NA
1999	NA	NA	NA	NA	126,115	9,304	560,063	106,201	NA	NA
2000	NA	NA	NA	NA	105,857	8,526	347,559	52,463	NA	NA
2001	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	302,204	44,361	NA	NA
2002	NA	NA	NA	NA	103,493	8,774	265,295	31,385	NA	NA
2003	NA	NA	NA	NA	87,914	7,718	337,056	49,485	NA	NA
2004	NA	NA	NA	NA	82,461	6,900	262,424	34,483	NA	NA
2005	NA	NA	NA	NA	74,102	6,377	317,869	46,930	NA	NA
2006	90,404	8,628	NA	NA	81,095	6,770	399,436	57,229	NA	NA
2007	98,840	7,900	NA	NA	92,445	7,420	388,324	54,106	NA	NA
2008	81,124	5,914	NA	NA	75,363	6,725	297,129	47,349	NA	NA
2009	72,505	5,287	NA	NA	72,616	5,867	301,960	63,641	NA	NA
2010	81,131	6,121	92,911	11,680	66,762	5,657	367,891	55,412	608,696	57,240
2011	69,726	6,872	71,375	9,456	61,556	4,637	314,715	44,975	517,373	46,700
2012	75,561	8,401	89,468	8,203	88,803	7,505	387,061	54,532	640,892	56,284
2013	82,944	7,613	74,406	8,917	84,336	6,431	298,636	52,290	540,322	53,973
2014	82,633	6,805	86,344	10,250	85,259	8,572	238,666	54,606	492,901	56,628
2015	81,377	6,873	86,417	9,041	87,361	8,611	173,865	28,175	429,020	31,574
2016	73,991	6,216	59,864	4,681	87,346	8,038	263,774	35,602	484,975	37,319
2017	70,903	6,944	103,384	9,770	71,720	6,138	198,392	31,863	444,400	34,592
2018	79,309	5,697	124,935	10,013	97,148	11,407	272,859	42,037	574,251	45,055
2019	75,655	7,385	126,243	12,114	83,867	6,992	239,831	32,223	525,595	35,895
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	76,259	8,574	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	80,883	5,872	87,374	7,408	79,388	8,645	179,393	29,275	427,037	31,955
2023	70,757	6,058	102,011	10,547	68,587	7,026	202,108	28,506	443,463	31,779
2024	96,676	7,567	86,360	9,553	71,047	6,915	177,828	21,576	431,910	25,726
2025	81,296	5,824	77,037	6,541	79,525	6,856	265,640	39,610	503,499	41,142

Figure 73: Mallard abundance in Pacific Flyway States in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 74: Mallard abundance in British Columbia in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 75: Mallard abundance in Washington in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 76: Mallard abundance in Oregon in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 77: Mallard abundance in California in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 71: Ponds

Original data source: WBPHS Traditional Survey Area; USFWS Headquarters.

Provided in the table below are estimated pond abundance and standard error (SE) in May in Prairie and Parkland Canada (Can), northcentral United States (US), and both areas combined (Total). Estimates are corrected for Visibility bias.

Prairie and Parkland Canada includes the following WBPHS crew areas:
Area 4 = Southern Alberta (strata 26–29, 75–76)
Area 5 = Southern Saskatchewan (strata 30–33)
Area 6 = Southern Manitoba (strata 34–40; includes south east Saskatchewan)

Northcentral U.S. includes the following WBPHS crew areas:
Area 7 = Montana and western Dakotas (strata 41–44)
Area 8 = Eastern Dakotas (strata 45–49)

Table 71. Number of Ponds in May, 1961-2025.

Year	Area4	Area5	Area6	Area7	Area8	Can	Can.SE	US	US.SE	Total	Total.SE
1961	595,735	794,850	586,607	NA	NA	1,977,192	165,394	NA	NA	NA	NA
1962	606,153	1,229,341	533,595	NA	NA	2,369,089	184,593	NA	NA	NA	NA
1963	777,617	1,024,486	679,923	NA	NA	2,482,026	129,302	NA	NA	NA	NA
1964	644,452	1,817,184	909,081	NA	NA	3,370,717	173,006	NA	NA	NA	NA
1965	998,829	2,257,381	1,122,604	NA	NA	4,378,814	212,224	NA	NA	NA	NA
1966	863,904	2,624,331	1,066,280	NA	NA	4,554,515	229,284	NA	NA	NA	NA
1967	919,063	2,652,165	1,119,958	NA	NA	4,691,186	272,063	NA	NA	NA	NA
1968	437,956	1,212,458	335,265	NA	NA	1,985,679	120,210	NA	NA	NA	NA
1969	859,496	2,225,018	463,097	NA	NA	3,547,611	221,944	NA	NA	NA	NA
1970	882,711	2,957,098	1,035,230	NA	NA	4,875,039	251,183	NA	NA	NA	NA
1971	981,446	2,317,386	754,575	NA	NA	4,053,407	200,405	NA	NA	NA	NA
1972	731,130	2,264,389	1,013,724	NA	NA	4,009,243	250,904	NA	NA	NA	NA
1973	1,025,160	1,490,442	433,884	NA	NA	2,949,486	197,610	NA	NA	NA	NA
1974	1,394,626	3,546,330	1,449,142	341,979	1,498,809	6,390,098	308,345	1,840,788	197,168	8,230,886	365,994
1975	957,871	3,424,684	937,555	535,406	1,375,429	5,320,110	271,323	1,910,835	116,139	7,230,945	295,135
1976	831,596	2,578,541	1,188,661	412,377	979,161	4,598,798	197,107	1,391,538	99,248	5,990,336	220,684
1977	588,008	1,250,019	439,891	331,424	439,713	2,277,918	120,742	771,137	51,135	3,049,055	131,124
1978	619,872	2,221,846	780,337	637,878	952,514	3,622,055	157,964	1,590,392	81,729	5,212,447	177,854
1979	996,447	3,070,063	792,431	410,145	1,112,041	4,858,941	251,992	1,522,186	70,883	6,381,127	261,771
1980	460,572	1,393,629	286,703	284,474	476,885	2,140,904	107,664	761,359	35,840	2,902,263	113,473
1981	569,299	610,958	262,760	310,841	371,970	1,443,017	75,261	682,811	34,042	2,125,828	82,602
1982	631,097	2,194,731	359,036	562,051	895,907	3,184,864	178,613	1,457,958	86,409	4,642,822	198,416
1983	497,116	2,696,237	712,356	358,133	901,017	3,905,709	208,176	1,259,150	68,686	5,164,859	219,214
1984	537,896	1,525,766	409,405	462,872	1,303,330	2,473,067	196,553	1,766,202	90,759	4,239,269	216,496
1985	828,270	2,958,533	496,284	519,030	807,899	4,283,087	244,149	1,326,929	73,980	5,610,016	255,112
1986	727,517	2,349,649	947,507	733,419	1,001,405	4,024,673	174,414	1,734,824	74,363	5,759,497	189,605
1987	606,766	1,418,910	498,070	558,693	789,058	2,523,746	130,967	1,347,751	46,824	3,871,497	139,086
1988	417,876	1,059,801	632,471	357,511	433,147	2,110,148	132,387	790,658	39,404	2,900,806	138,127
1989	548,860	859,726	284,159	649,596	640,311	1,692,745	89,105	1,289,907	61,713	2,982,652	108,389
1990	772,135	1,382,776	662,381	442,754	248,443	2,817,292	138,274	691,197	45,944	3,508,489	145,707
1991	695,737	1,405,066	393,099	420,580	285,497	2,493,902	110,220	706,077	33,568	3,199,979	115,219
1992	503,220	1,615,926	664,768	462,561	362,402	2,783,915	141,637	824,963	30,813	3,608,877	144,950
1993	689,837	1,087,891	483,409	442,328	908,260	2,261,137	93,965	1,350,587	57,140	3,611,725	109,974
1994	720,376	2,653,118	395,653	962,833	1,252,789	3,769,148	173,940	2,215,621	88,816	5,984,769	195,304
1995	688,738	2,314,362	889,438	825,170	1,617,685	3,892,538	223,833	2,442,856	106,805	6,335,394	248,009
1996	903,866	3,268,868	829,829	902,388	1,577,293	5,002,562	184,856	2,479,681	135,268	7,482,243	229,061
1997	1,100,439	2,992,048	968,497	756,365	1,640,868	5,060,983	180,267	2,397,232	94,391	7,458,216	203,485
1998	559,344	1,470,224	492,107	680,035	1,385,219	2,521,674	133,818	2,065,254	89,212	4,586,928	160,829
1999	716,010	2,535,347	610,678	672,298	2,169,952	3,862,035	157,247	2,842,249	256,836	6,704,284	301,150
2000	553,127	1,403,711	465,656	428,971	1,095,479	2,422,494	96,068	1,524,450	99,895	3,946,944	138,593
2001	425,702	1,535,743	785,762	345,567	1,547,672	2,747,206	115,565	1,893,238	91,481	4,640,444	147,391
2002	476,860	634,919	327,196	347,072	933,977	1,438,975	104,989	1,281,050	63,425	2,720,025	122,659
2003	888,399	2,142,973	490,916	479,755	1,188,051	3,522,288	151,843	1,667,807	67,364	5,190,095	166,115
2004	510,705	1,461,334	540,569	597,396	809,592	2,512,608	130,985	1,406,989	101,715	3,919,596	165,840
2005	750,374	2,414,928	755,244	662,946	797,755	3,920,546	196,676	1,460,701	79,653	5,381,247	212,193
2006	995,829	2,718,951	734,763	614,710	1,029,680	4,449,543	221,455	1,644,390	85,449	6,093,933	237,369
2007	1,225,351	3,000,302	814,567	739,686	1,222,829	5,040,220	261,822	1,962,514	102,519	7,002,734	281,178
2008	848,745	1,608,348	597,691	531,398	845,197	3,054,784	147,649	1,376,595	71,893	4,431,379	164,222
2009	686,677	2,210,464	670,920	1,033,805	1,832,145	3,568,062	147,983	2,865,950	123,065	6,434,012	192,468
2010	678,361	2,668,056	382,276	594,917	2,341,424	3,728,693	203,354	2,936,342	142,264	6,665,035	248,177
2011	1,085,607	3,150,948	656,176	968,592	2,270,905	4,892,732	197,506	3,239,497	127,365	8,132,229	235,012
2012	806,528	2,677,563	401,020	427,756	1,231,101	3,885,110	146,454	1,658,858	52,660	5,543,968	155,634
2013	1,126,500	2,845,885	578,143	382,748	1,958,427	4,550,528	185,462	2,341,175	98,995	6,891,703	210,229
2014	1,218,436	2,743,585	667,868	965,631	1,585,672	4,629,889	168,291	2,551,303	106,538	7,181,192	199,178
2015	1,022,570	2,571,492	556,913	909,848	1,246,903	4,150,975	146,270	2,156,751	86,006	6,307,726	169,682
2016	757,633	2,087,656	649,173	672,255	845,741	3,494,462	147,237	1,517,995	52,727	5,012,457	156,394
2017	1,168,355	2,449,060	712,842	560,933	1,204,797	4,330,258	157,707	1,765,730	92,231	6,095,988	182,696
2018	1,178,976	1,935,672	545,502	752,955	814,285	3,660,150	147,618	1,567,240	90,205	5,227,390	172,998
2019	947,478	1,372,392	535,704	1,098,601	1,036,127	2,855,575	103,804	2,134,727	137,282	4,990,303	172,109
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	711,490	2,035,248	726,760	549,422	1,433,968	3,473,498	157,523	1,983,390	98,159	5,456,888	185,603
2023	642,399	2,117,119	554,074	602,228	1,059,265	3,313,593	114,179	1,661,493	75,215	4,975,086	136,727
2024	676,851	1,454,054	550,343	655,301	1,822,942	2,681,247	117,417	2,478,242	125,510	5,159,490	171,871
2025	579,959	1,507,511	464,842	540,157	1,088,004	2,552,312	125,333	1,628,161	75,947	4,180,473	146,548

Figure 78: Number of ponds in May in Prairie and Parkland Canada and northcentral U.S. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long term average.

Figure 79: Number of ponds in May in Prairie and Parkland Canada. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long term average.

Figure 80: Number of ponds in May in northcentral U.S. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long term average.

BBS Trends

Data Table 75: Webless Species Spring

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are the estimated abundance trend (mean annual percentage change in abundance from the beginning to end for a specific year interval) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) for webless species (AOU species code and common name) in spring from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (Core area). Estimates are by region and time-series interval (Interval) from first (First) to last year (Last) of the time series.

Table 75. Webless species trends in abundance in spring, 1966-2024.

AOU	Species	Region	Routes	Trend	L95%CI	U95%CI	Interval	First	Last
2210	American Coot	US	805	-1.882	-16.704	12.541	4	2020	2024
2210	American Coot	US	805	-2.365	-6.564	2.236	9	2015	2024
2210	American Coot	US	805	-1.557	-3.761	-0.129	58	1966	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	IN	70	0.486	-7.537	10.040	4	2020	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	IN	70	-0.005	-4.636	5.645	9	2015	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	IN	70	-2.137	-4.641	-0.455	58	1966	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	PC	282	0.979	-4.293	6.730	4	2020	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	PC	282	1.247	-1.455	4.143	9	2015	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	PC	282	-0.906	-2.187	0.119	58	1966	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	US	304	1.982	-3.497	8.198	4	2020	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	US	304	2.538	-0.276	5.603	9	2015	2024
3120	Band-tailed Pigeon	US	304	0.369	-0.525	1.180	58	1966	2024
2190	Common Gallinule	US	231	4.459	-6.871	19.225	4	2020	2024
2190	Common Gallinule	US	231	3.540	-2.237	11.399	9	2015	2024
2190	Common Gallinule	US	231	0.307	-1.078	1.852	58	1966	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	CMU	1,102	-0.474	-0.922	-0.023	9	2015	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	CMU	1,283	-0.339	-0.791	-0.195	57	1967	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	EMU	1,445	-0.714	-1.050	-0.387	9	2015	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	EMU	1,826	0.177	0.078	0.272	58	1966	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	EMUhunt	1,130	-0.752	-1.120	-0.395	9	2015	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	EMUhunt	1,396	0.101	-0.004	0.203	58	1966	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	EMUnon	315	-0.422	-1.168	0.324	9	2015	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	EMUnon	430	0.878	0.644	1.105	58	1966	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	US	3,113	-0.503	-0.817	-0.195	9	2015	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	US	3,851	-0.296	-0.629	-0.167	58	1966	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	WMU	566	-0.104	-1.149	0.957	9	2015	2024
3160	Mourning Dove	WMU	742	-0.889	-1.219	-0.585	56	1968	2024
2140	Sora	US	632	4.241	-12.929	20.109	4	2020	2024
2140	Sora	US	632	-0.462	-4.208	3.731	9	2015	2024
2140	Sora	US	632	1.013	-1.112	2.148	58	1966	2024
2120	Virginia Rail	US	315	3.938	-3.700	14.505	4	2020	2024
2120	Virginia Rail	US	315	-3.327	-7.756	0.965	9	2015	2024
2120	Virginia Rail	US	315	0.182	-0.898	1.089	58	1966	2024
3180	White-tipped Dove	US	27	4.831	-14.419	30.076	4	2020	2024
3180	White-tipped Dove	US	27	0.649	-8.960	11.512	9	2015	2024
3180	White-tipped Dove	US	27	4.481	1.603	7.895	58	1966	2024
3190	White-winged Dove	US	409	2.078	-1.489	6.922	4	2020	2024
3190	White-winged Dove	US	409	1.170	-0.707	3.550	9	2015	2024
3190	White-winged Dove	US	409	0.601	-0.211	1.489	58	1966	2024
2300	Wilson's Snipe	US	1,076	-1.128	-5.207	2.624	4	2020	2024
2300	Wilson's Snipe	US	1,076	-1.223	-2.655	0.163	9	2015	2024
2300	Wilson's Snipe	US	1,076	0.265	-0.173	0.697	58	1966	2024

Abundance (Ancillary Data)

Data Table 80: Brant, Pacific (fall-spring)

Original data source: Fall Izembek Survey and Spring Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey; USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by USFWS Alaska Region. Also, fall age ratio data are from USGS Alaska Science Center in Anchorage, and these data are maintained by USGS Alaska Science Center.

Provided in the table below are estimated abundance and standard error (SE) of Pacific Population brant by survey. Surveys include the Fall Izembek Survey (Fall, count with no estimate of variance) and Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey in spring for both breeding (Breeding) and total (Total) brant. Also provided are the Izembek fall age ratio (Ageratio) and standard error (Ageratio.SE). Additionally provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 80. Brant abundance in fall and spring, 1986-2025.

Year	Fall	Breeding	Breeding.SE	Total	Total.SE	Ageratio	Ageratio.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE
1986	113,487	1,880	289	13,000	2,847	0.217	0.017	NA	NA
1987	142,930	3,796	572	11,151	1,724	0.476	0.021	NA	NA
1988	123,813	3,587	545	18,308	3,115	0.237	0.013	14,153	2,632
1989	146,038	4,111	546	25,434	4,282	0.269	0.016	18,298	3,215
1990	123,977	2,940	365	28,284	5,136	0.229	0.012	24,009	4,259
1991	128,457	4,189	573	19,486	3,056	0.309	0.013	24,401	4,245
1992	109,719	5,917	872	18,227	2,760	0.206	0.008	21,999	3,801
1993	143,539	4,394	515	29,940	4,475	0.305	0.009	22,551	3,511
1994	142,591	5,427	567	28,462	3,435	0.168	0.017	25,543	3,626
1995	147,193	5,543	614	30,859	4,183	0.397	0.019	29,754	4,055
1996	119,263	5,217	554	27,502	3,160	0.226	0.018	28,941	3,619
1997	132,830	6,408	693	28,389	3,786	0.210	0.018	28,916	3,733
1998	105,185	7,718	650	20,699	2,151	0.302	0.025	25,530	3,106
1999	131,134	8,092	816	19,356	2,288	0.241	0.019	22,815	2,840
2000	156,011	7,521	796	21,786	2,764	0.295	0.032	20,614	2,415
2001	112,554	5,198	619	28,109	3,418	0.094	0.008	23,084	2,861
2002	115,839	8,582	831	18,765	1,851	0.214	0.014	22,887	2,754
2003	135,944	3,432	436	19,069	2,169	0.133	0.010	21,981	2,570
2004	134,474	6,990	862	18,268	2,125	0.205	0.014	18,700	2,053
2005	152,712	5,505	627	19,539	2,423	0.357	0.019	18,959	2,243
2006	124,170	10,398	1,430	18,210	2,231	0.243	0.015	18,672	2,263
2007	140,897	8,641	987	18,595	2,253	0.283	0.014	18,782	2,304
2008	130,294	12,105	1,182	26,295	2,518	0.179	0.011	21,033	2,338
2009	169,429	8,660	1,255	22,201	2,185	0.302	0.015	22,364	2,323
2010	150,510	7,971	1,540	22,084	2,599	0.213	0.015	23,527	2,441
2011	126,028	11,804	1,477	15,186	1,719	0.207	0.018	19,824	2,197
2012	154,481	16,360	2,730	20,390	3,311	0.124	0.013	19,220	2,625
2013	157,781	12,891	2,330	21,496	3,754	0.170	0.011	19,024	3,055
2014	171,635	3,775	749	22,226	3,429	0.172	0.010	21,370	3,503
2015	160,984	3,802	501	20,198	2,039	0.181	0.009	21,307	3,163
2016	203,735	13,142	1,424	29,171	3,068	0.213	0.012	23,865	2,906
2017	154,811	11,103	1,806	20,154	2,543	0.128	0.009	23,174	2,584
2018	155,724	14,853	2,001	25,766	2,984	0.256	0.013	25,030	2,874
2019	157,087	12,223	1,376	19,979	2,247	0.305	0.015	21,966	2,609
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	9,431	1,431	18,935	2,349	0.315	0.017	21,560	2,547
2022	156,830	6,331	707	17,086	2,120	0.149	0.009	18,667	2,240
2023	NA	8,739	1,167	14,221	1,829	0.392	0.018	16,747	2,110
2024	NA	6,197	798	9,595	1,168	0.342	0.013	13,634	1,752
2025	NA	10,122	1,627	21,510	3,025	NA	NA	15,108	2,150

Figure 81: Brant abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 82: Brant breeding birds abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 83: Brant age ratios in fall. Circles are annual estimates of age ratio. The blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 81: Brant, Pacific Winter

Original data source: Pacific Flyway Cooperative Pacific Brant Winter Survey; USFWS Alaska Region, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California and Mexico. Data maintained by USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance (counts) of brant in winter by geographic area including: Alaska (AK), British Columbia (BC), Washington (WA), Oregon (OR), California (CA), Baja Mexico (MX), and Mainland Mexico. Also provided are the total count and moving 3-year average (M3yr). So long as there are counts in North America and Mexico, the total winter count is interpreted as the minimum known population size with no variance.

Table 81. Pacific brant abundance in winter, 1951-2024.

Year	AK	BC	WA	OR	CA	MX.Baja	MX.Main	Total	M3yr
1951	NA	NA	21,639	2,110	48,131	93,200	0	165,080	NA
1952	NA	NA	16,578	3,200	43,840	102,945	0	166,563	NA
1953	NA	NA	27,473	1,509	37,557	87,905	0	154,444	162,029
1954	NA	NA	15,376	1,560	28,750	86,316	0	132,002	151,003
1955	NA	NA	21,915	1,686	34,070	76,679	0	134,350	140,265
1956	NA	NA	15,914	2,073	38,510	52,743	0	109,240	125,197
1957	NA	NA	20,701	1,493	35,848	73,380	0	131,422	125,004
1958	NA	NA	25,219	2,778	26,560	71,305	4	125,866	122,176
1959	NA	NA	10,815	1,121	10,750	71,305	1,400	95,391	117,560
1960	NA	NA	17,614	652	3,771	113,087	1,115	136,239	119,165
1961	NA	NA	16,675	1,330	6,853	138,625	4,355	167,838	133,156
1962	NA	NA	25,815	2,266	23,510	116,245	2,400	170,236	158,104
1963	NA	NA	20,400	2,639	2,388	101,575	13,240	140,242	159,439
1964	NA	NA	34,169	2,000	8,353	117,470	23,290	185,282	165,253
1965	NA	NA	19,938	1,325	3,372	117,350	24,915	166,900	164,141
1966	NA	NA	22,175	798	3,284	115,601	19,505	161,363	171,182
1967	NA	NA	21,235	1,523	3,824	111,755	41,315	179,652	169,305
1968	NA	NA	15,746	865	1,729	111,600	24,400	154,340	165,118
1969	NA	NA	10,063	382	166	97,400	35,075	143,086	159,026
1970	NA	NA	8,916	963	207	98,200	33,400	141,686	146,371
1971	NA	NA	10,915	1,374	130	105,800	31,000	149,219	144,664
1972	NA	NA	4,328	1,047	0	91,200	28,200	124,775	138,560
1973	NA	NA	5,911	2,544	950	85,500	30,100	125,005	133,000
1974	NA	NA	4,977	1,904	470	96,900	26,400	130,651	126,810
1975	NA	NA	6,163	1,507	480	80,825	34,455	123,430	126,362
1976	NA	NA	7,540	1,769	680	82,783	29,273	122,045	125,375
1977	NA	NA	14,111	2,100	0	86,534	44,222	146,967	130,814
1978	NA	NA	18,100	1,110	560	106,469	36,648	162,887	143,966
1979	NA	NA	8,078	1,255	10	87,860	32,210	129,413	146,422
1980	NA	NA	7,665	1,015	135	89,690	47,860	146,365	146,222
1981	3,271	NA	10,107	1,790	540	160,560	21,200	197,468	157,749
1982	NA	NA	6,451	706	485	85,105	28,297	121,044	154,959
1983	NA	NA	3,113	718	565	81,761	23,157	109,314	142,609
1984	1,611	NA	7,097	930	700	95,170	29,533	135,041	121,800
1985	NA	283	11,793	641	800	101,405	30,163	145,085	129,813
1986	5,338	319	12,026	1,113	706	92,525	22,200	134,227	138,118
1987	7,550	205	14,371	1,133	736	73,825	13,088	110,908	130,073
1988	6,180	263	19,831	1,104	947	99,066	17,630	145,021	130,052
1989	6,918	484	18,538	871	1,033	89,600	18,121	135,565	130,498
1990	5,303	406	13,756	1,399	992	107,545	22,320	151,721	144,102
1991	4,742	591	16,221	1,262	1,340	88,650	19,905	132,711	139,999
1992	7,043	283	13,505	1,397	2,424	78,280	14,905	117,837	134,090
1993	8,369	180	13,058	1,254	9,415	68,280	24,444	125,000	125,183
1994	12,125	382	13,595	666	2,299	83,130	17,135	129,332	124,056
1995	11,381	363	20,231	708	3,987	74,060	22,755	133,485	129,272
1996	10,278	634	6,941	644	2,008	87,280	20,205	127,990	130,269
1997	10,049	500	9,753	669	3,598	108,018	22,720	155,307	138,927
1998	8,562	619	10,881	580	6,091	97,805	14,300	138,838	140,712
1999	10,354	985	15,252	645	4,296	84,965	15,795	132,292	142,146
2000	8,120	1,238	13,859	523	3,389	92,020	16,420	135,569	135,566
2001	17,790	1,254	10,197	695	4,197	78,850	13,010	125,993	131,285
2002	13,576	1,483	13,478	552	4,092	93,995	11,055	138,231	133,264
2003	7,677	1,103	11,455	557	3,124	74,132	8,094	106,142	123,455
2004	12,756	2,117	14,544	528	6,372	71,685	13,270	121,272	121,882
2005	12,041	1,020	14,286	609	5,224	59,960	14,068	107,208	111,541
2006	15,404	1,792	16,305	649	5,069	87,483	14,254	140,956	123,145
2007	28,533	2,078	12,712	702	7,387	65,250	13,932	130,594	126,253
2008	27,422	1,264	19,775	370	4,827	83,856	19,443	156,957	142,836
2009	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2010	28,234	2,699	23,908	NA	13,553	71,688	23,389	163,471	150,341
2011	42,937	2,414	21,457	NA	15,610	61,153	18,897	162,468	160,965
2012	44,252	1,229	17,502	687	2,227	101,571	9,873	177,341	167,760
2013	41,821	2,204	16,454	200	7,448	71,607	23,566	163,300	167,703
2014	48,140	2,104	17,485	511	7,916	68,290	28,869	173,315	171,319
2015	50,316	1,636	10,706	486	4,906	44,533	23,899	136,482	157,699
2016	46,772	3,364	11,811	583	5,105	55,066	17,324	140,025	149,941
2017	44,899	3,677	15,878	405	8,765	67,386	14,710	155,720	144,076
2018	46,067	2,796	12,652	355	2,466	54,076	14,038	132,450	142,732
2019	45,377	2,065	8,194	291	5,353	75,186	24,693	161,159	149,776
2020	49,777	2,729	7,389	256	5,788	66,152	10,793	142,884	145,498
2021	56,563	1,956	9,961	NA	4,646	65,907	11,554	150,587	151,543
2022	67,484	2,589	10,390	385	5,167	62,231	10,434	158,680	150,717
2023	54,497	1,343	7,152	88	6,023	38,829	11,956	119,888	143,052
2024	43,440	1,230	10,042	61	3,246	38,650	11,103	107,772	128,780

Figure 84: Pacific brant abundance in winter. Circles are annual counts of abundance. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual counts. The blue dashed reference line is the Pacific Flyway Council’s population objective. The red dashed reference lines represent threshold values in the harvest strategy decision and the red reference line is the closure threshold. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 82: Snow Goose, WAP

Original data source: Arctic coastal Plain Survey and Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) strata in Alaska (i.e., strata 3–6, 10 and 11); USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by the USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are estimated total (Total) and breeding (Breeding) bird abundance and standard error (SE) of Western Arctic Population lesser snow geese in Spring. Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 82. Western Arctic Population lesser snow goose abundance in spring, 2007-2025.

Year	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE	Breeding	Breeding.SE
2007	63,398	42,695	NA	NA	4,777	3,791
2008	8,272	3,603	NA	NA	1,720	913
2009	27,078	13,228	32,916	25,890	9,231	4,200
2010	7,888	3,320	14,413	8,144	641	157
2011	23,388	11,291	19,451	10,222	14,272	6,417
2012	34,553	15,542	21,943	11,256	2,195	700
2013	39,402	15,159	32,448	14,128	2,712	1,492
2014	22,911	10,498	32,289	13,923	328	137
2015	55,061	30,188	39,125	20,423	814	231
2016	22,675	5,586	33,549	18,732	6,299	2,103
2017	52,434	16,123	43,390	20,020	6,012	2,160
2018	35,174	25,293	36,761	17,615	23,989	19,634
2019	60,717	23,686	49,441	22,066	47,090	17,923
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	73,822	21,341	56,571	23,496	32,589	13,753
2023	68,955	28,451	67,831	24,671	53,799	22,238
2024	73,299	22,834	72,025	24,401	27,630	12,452
2025	171,831	56,444	104,695	38,802	41,994	25,350

Figure 85: Western Arctic Population lesser snow goose abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 83: Snow Goose, WIP

Original data source: Cooperative Snow Goose Nesting Colony Survey on Wrangel Island Russia; Wrangel Island Nature Reserve, USFWS Pacific Flyway Office and Pacific Flyway Council. Data maintained by USFWS Pacific Flyway Office. This monitoring program was discontinued after 2022 due to the difficulty in providing US funds for work on Wrangel Island, Russia.

Provided in the table below are attributes of the Wrangel Island Population lesser snow geese on Wrangel Island in spring-summer. Attributes include abundance of adult (Adult) and breeding (Breeding) birds, proportion of the population that is juvenile (Juv%), total bird (Total) abundance, number of nests (Nests), nest success (Nest.Suc%), mean clutch size (Clutch), average brood size at the nesting colony (Brood.Nest) and brood rearing areas (Brood.Rear), and nesting colony size (Colony.ha). Also provided is the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 83. Wrangel Island Population lesser snow goose status in spring-summer, 1970-2022.

Year	Adult	Breeding	Juv%	Total	Nests	Nest.Suc%	Clutch	Brood.Nest	Brood.Rear	Colony.ha	M3yr
1970	120,000	120,000	20	150,000	60,000	96.0	3.7	4	2	2,600	NA
1971	120,000	24,000	9	132,000	12,000	55.0	4.7	3	2	825	NA
1972	106,000	36,000	1	107,000	18,000	45.0	4.2	4	2	950	129,667
1973	85,900	12,000	0	86,000	6,000	67.0	6.0	4	NA	200	108,333
1974	69,500	32,000	1	70,000	15,000	0.0	4.7	NA	NA	800	87,667
1975	56,000	56,000	0	56,000	28,000	74.4	3.8	3	2	NA	70,667
1976	46,000	46,000	21	58,000	23,000	79.0	3.7	3	3	1,840	61,333
1977	57,200	10,000	16	68,200	5,000	76.8	5.0	4	NA	400	60,733
1978	64,900	42,000	1	65,400	21,000	80.0	4.2	4	2	2,200	63,867
1979	62,100	60,000	26	84,500	30,000	90.0	3.8	4	NA	1,860	72,700
1980	80,300	20,000	12	90,700	10,000	70.0	5.4	3	NA	315	80,200
1981	86,200	78,000	3	89,000	39,000	95.0	4.0	4	3	2,118	88,067
1982	81,000	28,000	18	100,000	14,000	65.0	4.1	3	3	688	93,233
1983	92,800	3,400	2	95,000	1,700	5.9	4.8	NA	NA	125	94,667
1984	85,000	42,000	0	85,000	21,000	83.3	3.7	3	2	1,500	93,333
1985	80,000	50,000	5	85,000	25,000	87.7	3.7	3	2	1,457	88,333
1986	70,000	58,000	20	90,000	29,000	90.0	3.9	4	3	2,100	86,667
1987	85,000	47,000	15	100,000	23,500	80.0	3.7	3	3	1,900	91,667
1988	80,000	13,000	18	80,000	6,500	51.0	5.2	3	3	675	90,000
1989	70,000	60,000	1	70,000	30,000	60.0	3.8	3	NA	1,025	83,333
1990	60,000	53,000	0	60,000	26,500	49.2	3.8	3	2	940	70,000
1991	56,000	41,600	7	60,000	20,800	82.0	4.1	3	3	888	63,333
1992	56,000	46,200	20	70,000	23,100	70.1	4.0	4	4	742	63,333
1993	64,500	52,200	1	65,000	26,100	85.1	3.9	3	NA	910	65,000
1994	52,500	30,000	25	70,000	15,000	13.0	2.8	2	NA	1,000	68,333
1995	64,000	8,800	1	65,000	4,400	50.0	4.7	3	NA	430	66,667
1996	75,000	75,400	0	75,000	37,700	75.4	NA	4	2	740	70,000
1997	70,000	55,200	15	85,000	22,600	71.2	4.0	4	NA	628	75,000
1998	80,000	31,800	10	90,000	15,900	66.0	4.6	4	NA	750	83,333
1999	85,000	20,800	6	90,000	10,400	75.0	4.7	3	NA	278	88,333
2000	87,400	49,600	8	95,000	24,800	87.8	3.5	3	3	738	91,667
2001	92,400	48,000	12	105,000	24,000	87.0	3.6	3	2	900	96,667
2002	NA	60,600	NA	110,000	30,300	81.5	4.0	4	3	855	103,333
2003	NA	55,000	NA	115,000	27,500	77.5	NA	NA	2	900	110,000
2004	111,700	56,800	5	117,500	28,400	75.0	3.6	3	NA	838	114,167
2005	NA	95,800	NA	117,500	47,900	82.3	4.2	4	3	900	116,667
2006	100,800	93,200	24	132,500	46,600	87.7	4.0	4	3	875	122,500
2007	NA	79,000	NA	140,000	39,500	84.4	4.0	4	3	1,100	130,000
2008	NA	35,000	NA	140,000	10,000	35.0	4.2	3	NA	500	137,500
2009	NA	108,800	NA	132,500	54,400	79.5	4.1	4	NA	1,600	137,500
2010	127,000	25,000	NA	150,000	8,000	NA	3.6	3	NA	500	140,833
2011	144,800	143,000	4	155,000	71,200	81.0	4.2	4	NA	1,400	145,833
2012	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2013	NA	NA	NA	160,000	78,300	75.8	3.7	3	3	1,063	155,000
2014	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2015	228,500	215,400	5	240,000	107,700	89.1	4.0	4	NA	2,680	185,000
2016	251,000	237,000	20	300,000	118,600	89.5	3.9	4	NA	3,240	233,333
2017	294,800	201,500	15	346,000	109,500	75.5	3.7	3	3	2,810	295,333
2018	297,000	281,800	3	306,000	76,650	73.9	4.8	4	NA	2,435	317,333
2019	NA	313,200	29	442,000	156,600	93.7	4.1	NA	NA	7,365	364,667
2020	256,920	428,200	22	685,120	214,100	91.0	3.8	NA	3	9,140	477,707
2021	543,548	356,600	13	624,050	178,300	91.0	3.9	4	3	8,640	583,723
2022	750,000	502,000	NA	750,000	251,000	86.7	3.7	NA	NA	10,430	686,390

Figure 86: Wrangel Island Population lesser snow goose abundance in spring-summer. Circles are annual estimates of abundance. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 84: White-fronted Goose, MP

Original data source: Arctic coastal Plain Survey and Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) strata in Alaska (i.e., strata 3–6, 10 and 11); USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by the USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are estimated total (Total) and breeding (Breeding) bird abundance and standard error (SE) of Midcontinent Population white-fronted geese in Spring. Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 84. Midcontinent Population white-fronted goose abundance in spring, 2007-2025.

Year	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE	Breeding	Breeding.SE
2007	256,573	14,881	NA	NA	109,562	6,826
2008	255,499	23,426	NA	NA	136,810	6,591
2009	241,086	13,936	251,053	17,930	138,148	8,311
2010	259,213	13,145	251,932	17,472	95,928	4,575
2011	318,569	78,608	272,956	46,713	147,766	6,561
2012	360,884	15,439	312,889	46,870	190,753	7,327
2013	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2014	165,130	8,553	281,528	46,514	110,564	4,336
2015	296,160	24,933	274,058	17,637	111,022	6,478
2016	395,085	25,795	285,459	21,293	153,969	9,973
2017	401,743	26,746	364,330	25,836	222,331	12,663
2018	275,226	16,893	357,352	23,566	202,851	12,312
2019	202,388	11,916	293,119	19,517	128,476	7,178
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	247,585	12,633	241,733	13,988	160,565	8,624
2023	178,204	11,256	209,392	11,948	118,715	7,590
2024	235,866	15,143	220,552	13,110	166,953	10,000
2025	334,575	32,114	249,548	21,504	186,545	10,622

Figure 87: Midcontinent Population white-fronted goose abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 85: Tundra Swan, EP

Original data source: Arctic coastal Plain Survey; USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by the USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are estimated total (Total) and breeding (Breeding) bird abundance and standard error (SE) of Eastern Population tundra swans in Spring. Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 85. Eastern Population tundra swan abundance in spring, 2007-2025.

Year	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE	Breeding	Breeding.SE
2007	13,985	611	NA	NA	12,995	622
2008	15,281	1,286	NA	NA	12,537	717
2009	13,986	733	14,417	924	12,750	603
2010	15,282	1,091	14,850	1,061	13,420	843
2011	13,771	820	14,346	894	12,903	714
2012	16,329	1,726	15,128	1,270	13,836	641
2013	15,449	1,135	15,183	1,283	10,049	667
2014	13,065	745	14,948	1,268	7,275	499
2015	21,308	3,228	16,607	2,022	10,088	996
2016	15,699	1,116	16,691	2,019	14,404	832
2017	15,369	1,089	17,459	2,070	11,305	657
2018	14,573	1,154	15,214	1,120	14,573	1,154
2019	14,588	1,308	14,843	1,187	12,958	829
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	11,975	727	13,712	1,091	11,129	640
2023	15,634	2,042	14,066	1,461	11,487	830
2024	11,033	996	12,881	1,377	9,536	509
2025	12,865	922	13,177	1,415	12,428	803

Figure 88: Eastern Population tundra swan abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 86: Sandhill Crane, LCRVP

Original data source: Cooperative Winter Sandhill Crane Survey in Arizona and California; Arizona, California, USFWS Southwest Region. Data maintained by USFWS Pacific Flyway Office.

Provided in the table below are abundance of Lower Colorado River Valley Population sandhill cranes in winter by area including Cibola National Wildlife Refuge (Cibola.NWR), Colorado River Indian Tribe (CR.Tribe), Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge (Salton.NWR), Gila River (Gila.R), and in total (total). Also provided is the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 86. Lower Colorado River Valley Population sandhill crane abundance in spring, 1998-2025.

Year	Cibola.NWR	CR.Tribe	Salton.NWR	Gila.R	Total	M3yr
1998	775	596	351	178	1,900	NA
1999	1,200	511	325	163	2,199	NA
2000	820	1,259	235	252	2,566	2,222
2001	961	952	350	134	2,397	2,387
2002	1,003	168	417	52	1,640	2,201
2003	1,200	455	430	0	2,085	2,041
2004	1,341	354	521	312	2,528	2,084
2005	1,513	457	476	191	2,637	2,417
2006	1,141	673	493	360	2,667	2,611
2007	2,322	809	295	450	3,876	3,060
2008	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2009	289	1,216	603	293	2,401	2,981
2010	266	729	904	365	2,264	2,847
2011	553	636	899	327	2,415	2,360
2012	1,097	474	924	151	2,646	2,442
2013	1,629	344	671	434	3,078	2,713
2014	1,981	591	641	140	3,353	3,026
2015	676	720	688	452	2,536	2,989
2016	631	631	862	292	2,416	2,768
2017	940	636	819	321	2,716	2,556
2018	1,076	330	775	215	2,396	2,509
2019	1,171	192	1,062	497	2,922	2,678
2020	1,497	20	1,105	319	2,941	2,753
2021	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2022	941	1,248	1,226	372	3,787	3,217
2023	864	2,186	1,532	137	4,719	3,816
2024	2,792	1,520	735	109	5,156	4,554
2025	439	1,332	464	692	2,927	4,267

Figure 89: Lower Colorado River Valley Population sandhill crane abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 87: Sandhill Crane, MP

Original data source: Yukon Koskokwim Delta Coastal Zone Survey; USFWS Alaska Region. Data maintained by the USFWS Alaska Region.

Provided in the table below are estimated total (Total) and breeding (Breeding) bird abundance and standard error (SE) of Midcontinent Population sandhill cranes in Spring. Also provided are the total abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr) and standard error (M3yr.SE).

Table 87. Midcontinent Population sandhill crane abundance in spring, 1987-2025.

Year	Total	Total.SE	M3yr	M3yr.SE	Breeding	Breeding.SE
1987	13,777	961	NA	NA	12,944	950
1988	15,564	1,539	NA	NA	12,208	809
1989	16,182	1,130	15,174	1,234	12,858	718
1990	18,279	1,476	16,675	1,394	14,010	857
1991	20,435	1,689	18,298	1,450	14,095	869
1992	17,188	1,173	18,634	1,461	13,188	845
1993	19,226	1,549	18,950	1,486	15,929	1,024
1994	16,683	1,073	17,699	1,281	13,883	860
1995	18,033	1,340	17,981	1,335	16,693	1,298
1996	16,669	1,841	17,129	1,453	10,240	803
1997	13,456	1,128	16,053	1,467	11,356	766
1998	23,439	1,282	17,855	1,450	17,259	727
1999	18,433	1,352	18,443	1,258	16,095	1,090
2000	17,148	1,203	19,673	1,280	15,048	963
2001	16,083	1,067	17,221	1,213	14,811	985
2002	12,704	1,151	15,312	1,142	12,236	1,107
2003	14,006	979	14,264	1,068	10,927	728
2004	14,199	1,164	13,636	1,101	11,678	988
2005	14,080	1,033	14,095	1,062	11,247	758
2006	15,050	1,309	14,443	1,174	12,525	987
2007	13,220	909	14,117	1,097	12,666	890
2008	15,113	950	14,461	1,071	13,147	772
2009	16,108	1,277	14,814	1,058	13,153	918
2010	19,183	1,595	16,802	1,301	17,250	1,357
2011	13,288	893	16,193	1,288	12,396	815
2012	19,292	2,017	17,255	1,572	17,189	1,454
2013	13,415	1,156	15,332	1,438	12,562	1,140
2014	14,196	2,071	15,634	1,797	12,478	1,629
2015	13,808	1,279	13,807	1,556	11,702	1,212
2016	23,216	3,025	17,073	2,241	17,960	1,208
2017	20,238	1,628	19,087	2,116	17,174	1,224
2018	20,741	2,137	21,398	2,336	16,944	1,242
2019	18,943	1,128	19,974	1,682	17,916	1,068
2020	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
2021	18,696	1,406	19,460	1,614	16,852	1,352
2022	13,086	882	16,908	1,159	12,220	769
2023	15,052	1,180	15,611	1,176	13,632	881
2024	12,576	865	13,571	986	11,665	851
2025	10,838	749	12,822	949	10,669	746

Figure 90: Midcontinent Population sandhill crane abundance in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 88: Band-tailed Pigeon, Pacific Coast (spring)

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are the estimated abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons in spring. Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 88. Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1968	8.48	4.91	16.41	NA
1969	8.27	4.99	15.31	NA
1970	8.05	4.97	14.20	8.27
1971	7.91	5.01	13.74	8.08
1972	7.64	4.94	12.80	7.87
1973	7.36	4.81	11.93	7.64
1974	6.94	4.62	10.96	7.32
1975	6.60	4.46	10.26	6.97
1976	6.50	4.41	10.07	6.68
1977	6.53	4.46	10.12	6.54
1978	6.55	4.48	10.16	6.53
1979	6.64	4.55	10.24	6.57
1980	7.00	4.82	10.82	6.73
1981	7.15	4.89	11.06	6.93
1982	6.98	4.76	10.89	7.04
1983	6.76	4.59	10.62	6.96
1984	6.13	4.21	9.54	6.63
1985	5.10	3.54	7.72	6.00
1986	4.66	3.24	7.04	5.30
1987	4.41	3.08	6.69	4.72
1988	4.02	2.82	6.03	4.36
1989	3.93	2.77	5.80	4.12
1990	3.72	2.64	5.43	3.89
1991	3.54	2.53	5.12	3.73
1992	3.38	2.43	4.92	3.55
1993	3.33	2.39	4.82	3.42
1994	3.25	2.35	4.70	3.32
1995	3.08	2.23	4.35	3.22
1996	3.11	2.28	4.39	3.15
1997	2.99	2.19	4.16	3.06
1998	3.07	2.26	4.23	3.06
1999	3.11	2.31	4.28	3.06
2000	3.12	2.32	4.26	3.10
2001	3.13	2.33	4.25	3.12
2002	3.13	2.32	4.24	3.13
2003	3.21	2.39	4.35	3.16
2004	3.47	2.58	4.70	3.27
2005	3.71	2.77	5.03	3.46
2006	3.88	2.91	5.24	3.68
2007	4.05	3.04	5.45	3.88
2008	4.42	3.31	5.94	4.11
2009	4.54	3.40	6.18	4.34
2010	4.63	3.46	6.26	4.53
2011	4.71	3.53	6.40	4.63
2012	4.63	3.50	6.24	4.65
2013	4.53	3.42	6.07	4.62
2014	4.59	3.48	6.11	4.58
2015	4.50	3.41	6.01	4.54
2016	4.41	3.34	5.85	4.50
2017	4.54	3.45	6.03	4.48
2018	4.62	3.51	6.16	4.52
2019	4.71	3.59	6.29	4.62
2020	4.84	3.64	6.51	4.72
2021	4.95	3.74	6.63	4.83
2022	4.99	3.77	6.71	4.93
2023	4.98	3.74	6.74	4.98
2024	5.03	3.71	6.86	5.00

Figure 91: Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 92: Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in British Columbia in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 93: Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in Washington in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 94: Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in Oregon in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 95: Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon abundance (index) in California in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Data Table 89: Mourning Dove, WMU (spring)

Original data source: North American Breeding Bird Survey; U.S. Geological Survey. Data maintained by U.S. Geological Survey.

Provided in the table below are abundance (Index, birds per route) and lower and upper 95% credible intervals (L95%CI, U95%CI) of Western Management Unit Population mourning doves in spring. Also provided is the abundance moving 3-year average (M3yr).

Table 89. Western Management Unit Population mourning dove abundance in spring, 1968-2024.

Year	Index	L95%CI	U95%CI	M3yr
1968	24.66	21.23	29.07	NA
1969	24.79	21.53	29.05	NA
1970	25.29	22.14	29.30	24.91
1971	24.55	21.65	28.47	24.88
1972	24.51	21.54	28.40	24.78
1973	22.93	20.04	26.75	24.00
1974	26.13	23.34	29.63	24.52
1975	24.72	21.99	28.10	24.59
1976	28.50	24.49	33.87	26.45
1977	27.24	23.74	31.80	26.82
1978	22.69	20.16	25.80	26.14
1979	23.30	20.56	26.93	24.41
1980	24.22	21.38	28.07	23.40
1981	26.52	23.48	30.70	24.68
1982	24.58	21.75	28.55	25.11
1983	20.58	18.03	24.44	23.89
1984	19.65	17.39	22.86	21.60
1985	17.35	15.42	19.97	19.19
1986	16.98	15.09	19.42	17.99
1987	16.18	14.71	17.93	16.84
1988	16.29	14.82	18.00	16.48
1989	16.49	14.99	18.27	16.32
1990	17.86	16.28	19.68	16.88
1991	17.08	15.61	18.83	17.14
1992	17.28	15.87	18.92	17.41
1993	17.33	15.91	19.01	17.23
1994	17.71	16.36	19.21	17.44
1995	15.57	14.35	16.94	16.87
1996	15.51	14.34	16.87	16.26
1997	15.95	14.84	17.22	15.68
1998	16.16	14.98	17.50	15.87
1999	18.13	16.82	19.64	16.75
2000	17.53	16.31	18.96	17.27
2001	16.41	15.19	17.80	17.36
2002	17.07	15.83	18.43	17.00
2003	16.27	15.12	17.57	16.58
2004	17.96	16.64	19.44	17.10
2005	17.23	15.81	18.95	17.15
2006	19.47	18.00	21.13	18.22
2007	18.69	17.41	20.14	18.46
2008	15.66	14.55	16.87	17.94
2009	15.46	14.38	16.68	16.60
2010	14.26	13.18	15.46	15.12
2011	15.24	14.02	16.57	14.98
2012	13.05	12.07	14.14	14.18
2013	13.23	12.27	14.25	13.84
2014	13.79	12.84	14.83	13.36
2015	15.10	14.09	16.23	14.04
2016	13.06	12.14	14.10	13.99
2017	11.26	10.48	12.12	13.14
2018	11.65	10.85	12.52	11.99
2019	11.00	10.19	11.91	11.30
2020	11.55	10.33	13.07	11.40
2021	12.00	11.15	12.93	11.51
2022	13.74	12.72	14.93	12.43
2023	15.72	14.48	17.15	13.82
2024	14.95	13.71	16.38	14.80

Figure 96: Western Management Unit Population mourning dove abundance (index) in spring. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 97: Abundance (index) of mourning doves in spring in Arizona Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.

Figure 98: Abundance (index) of mourning doves in spring in California. Circles are annual estimates of abundance (index) with 95% confidence intervals. The red line is a moving 3-year average and the blue line is a smoothed (Loess model) line with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) fit to the annual estimates. The black dashed reference line is the long-term average.